1 00:00:07,670 --> 00:00:06,070 well good afternoon welcome to nasa 2 00:00:10,150 --> 00:00:07,680 headquarters in washington i'm dwane 3 00:00:12,470 --> 00:00:10,160 brown from the office of communications 4 00:00:15,390 --> 00:00:12,480 today you will hear about earth and 5 00:00:19,269 --> 00:00:15,400 space based assets that will study a 6 00:00:21,510 --> 00:00:19,279 once-in-a-lifetime comet flyby near mars 7 00:00:23,429 --> 00:00:21,520 on sunday october 19th 8 00:00:24,790 --> 00:00:23,439 you'll hear brief presentations then 9 00:00:27,509 --> 00:00:24,800 we'll open up for questions starting 10 00:00:29,109 --> 00:00:27,519 here in washington our phone lines and 11 00:00:30,390 --> 00:00:29,119 social media 12 00:00:31,830 --> 00:00:30,400 for our viewing 13 00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:31,840 and listening audience get those 14 00:00:35,990 --> 00:00:34,160 questions in we have the answers at 15 00:00:37,190 --> 00:00:36,000 hashtag ask 16 00:00:38,709 --> 00:00:37,200 nasa 17 00:00:40,869 --> 00:00:38,719 and of course there's a lot of social 18 00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:40,879 media buzz go to our 19 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:43,520 social media websites and sites 20 00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:45,920 facebook twitter 21 00:00:51,029 --> 00:00:47,920 there is a lot of excitement worldwide 22 00:00:52,150 --> 00:00:51,039 about comet and that comet is citing 23 00:00:54,229 --> 00:00:52,160 spring 24 00:00:59,990 --> 00:00:54,239 and of course all of the information is 25 00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:03,270 comets slash siding spring and that's 26 00:01:06,390 --> 00:01:04,960 siding spring 27 00:01:08,149 --> 00:01:06,400 okay 28 00:01:10,070 --> 00:01:08,159 before we get started 29 00:01:13,350 --> 00:01:10,080 let's 30 00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:13,360 let me introduce our panelists for today 31 00:01:16,310 --> 00:01:14,960 first up 32 00:01:18,070 --> 00:01:16,320 jim green 33 00:01:19,749 --> 00:01:18,080 director 34 00:01:25,350 --> 00:01:19,759 planetary science division nasa 35 00:01:29,270 --> 00:01:27,190 carrie liss 36 00:01:31,990 --> 00:01:29,280 senior astrophysicist 37 00:01:33,910 --> 00:01:32,000 johns hopkins university 38 00:01:38,710 --> 00:01:33,920 applied physics laboratory 39 00:01:42,469 --> 00:01:40,550 kelly fast 40 00:01:43,429 --> 00:01:42,479 program scientists 41 00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:43,439 also 42 00:01:49,350 --> 00:01:45,040 nasa headquarters planetary science 43 00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:53,030 and padma yanamandra fisher 44 00:01:58,709 --> 00:01:55,600 senior research scientists 45 00:02:02,069 --> 00:01:58,719 space science institute rancho 46 00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:02,079 cucamonga branch in california 47 00:02:04,709 --> 00:02:03,280 with that 48 00:02:06,709 --> 00:02:04,719 toss at the gym 49 00:02:09,270 --> 00:02:06,719 thank you very much dwane 50 00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:09,280 you know on october 19th we're going to 51 00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:12,000 observe an event that happens maybe once 52 00:02:16,229 --> 00:02:14,160 every million years 53 00:02:18,390 --> 00:02:16,239 and this is where a comet coming from 54 00:02:20,790 --> 00:02:18,400 the furthest reaches 55 00:02:23,110 --> 00:02:20,800 of the sun's gravity will come to the 56 00:02:25,350 --> 00:02:23,120 inner part of our solar system 57 00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:25,360 this comet will fly right in front of 58 00:02:29,990 --> 00:02:27,120 the planet mars 59 00:02:31,350 --> 00:02:30,000 mars will be blanketed in commentary 60 00:02:35,030 --> 00:02:31,360 material 61 00:02:39,589 --> 00:02:36,790 as the planets move around the sun in 62 00:02:41,990 --> 00:02:39,599 this view we also see the comet coming 63 00:02:42,869 --> 00:02:42,000 uh in a retrograde motion and as you can 64 00:02:45,350 --> 00:02:42,879 see 65 00:02:47,030 --> 00:02:45,360 it comes from below at a very large 66 00:02:49,589 --> 00:02:47,040 distance from the sun 67 00:02:51,910 --> 00:02:49,599 passing right in front of mars 68 00:02:53,190 --> 00:02:51,920 the comet was discovered by robert 69 00:02:54,790 --> 00:02:53,200 mcnaught 70 00:02:56,309 --> 00:02:54,800 in january 71 00:02:59,589 --> 00:02:56,319 2013 72 00:03:01,910 --> 00:02:59,599 at his observatory in australia named 73 00:03:07,030 --> 00:03:01,920 siding spring 74 00:03:11,110 --> 00:03:07,040 from the or cloud this is a cloud that's 75 00:03:13,589 --> 00:03:11,120 50 000 astronomical units away 76 00:03:16,229 --> 00:03:13,599 very distant cloud at the very reaches 77 00:03:18,390 --> 00:03:16,239 of the solar gravity 78 00:03:20,550 --> 00:03:18,400 the comet perhaps has been traveling for 79 00:03:21,910 --> 00:03:20,560 maybe more than a million years to get 80 00:03:23,509 --> 00:03:21,920 here 81 00:03:26,229 --> 00:03:23,519 now ever since 82 00:03:29,190 --> 00:03:26,239 robert announced the comment in january 83 00:03:30,789 --> 00:03:29,200 in 2013 nasa's been getting ready for 84 00:03:35,110 --> 00:03:30,799 this event 85 00:03:37,589 --> 00:03:35,120 may i have the first uh image please 86 00:03:39,910 --> 00:03:37,599 now nasa has a whole series of assets 87 00:03:43,190 --> 00:03:39,920 that we're planning to use and have used 88 00:03:46,390 --> 00:03:43,200 already in observing comet siding spring 89 00:03:48,229 --> 00:03:46,400 and mars and its reaction to the comet 90 00:03:51,110 --> 00:03:48,239 as you can see here 91 00:03:53,509 --> 00:03:51,120 in the tan color those assets that nasa 92 00:03:54,869 --> 00:03:53,519 has has already observed the comet and 93 00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:54,879 are still planning additional 94 00:03:58,470 --> 00:03:56,480 observations 95 00:04:00,710 --> 00:03:58,480 we see astrophysics missions 96 00:04:02,550 --> 00:04:00,720 heliophysics missions in addition to the 97 00:04:05,350 --> 00:04:02,560 planetary missions 98 00:04:08,869 --> 00:04:05,360 from astrophysics we have hubble swift 99 00:04:11,270 --> 00:04:08,879 stereo i'm sorry hubble swift neowise 100 00:04:13,509 --> 00:04:11,280 spitzer kepler and chandra 101 00:04:15,830 --> 00:04:13,519 the stereo of course in soho are 102 00:04:18,469 --> 00:04:15,840 heliophysics assets 103 00:04:20,150 --> 00:04:18,479 in planetary science we've used uh one 104 00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:20,160 of our balloons 105 00:04:25,749 --> 00:04:22,720 called bops just a couple weeks ago made 106 00:04:28,550 --> 00:04:25,759 fabulous observations of siding spring 107 00:04:29,830 --> 00:04:28,560 and an infrared telescope facility that 108 00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:29,840 nasa owns 109 00:04:34,230 --> 00:04:32,240 at mars we have a whole series of 110 00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:34,240 missions that are getting ready for the 111 00:04:39,990 --> 00:04:37,120 event mars reconnaissance orbiter mars 112 00:04:42,469 --> 00:04:40,000 odyssey mars express 113 00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:42,479 which we have a an an instrument on 114 00:04:46,790 --> 00:04:44,400 although it's an issa mission 115 00:04:49,430 --> 00:04:46,800 maven which just got in orbit last month 116 00:04:51,749 --> 00:04:49,440 and is getting ready to to uh 117 00:04:53,510 --> 00:04:51,759 uh get its instruments out and be ready 118 00:04:56,150 --> 00:04:53,520 for the comment and of course 119 00:04:58,230 --> 00:04:56,160 opportunity and curiosity are eagerly 120 00:05:01,110 --> 00:04:58,240 awaiting on the surface for this 121 00:05:02,950 --> 00:05:01,120 fabulous event 122 00:05:04,310 --> 00:05:02,960 indeed we're getting ready for a 123 00:05:06,150 --> 00:05:04,320 spectacular 124 00:05:08,629 --> 00:05:06,160 set of observations 125 00:05:11,830 --> 00:05:08,639 but there are some hazards involved 126 00:05:14,629 --> 00:05:11,840 as the comet gets closer to the sun 127 00:05:17,110 --> 00:05:14,639 and generates through sublimation the 128 00:05:19,430 --> 00:05:17,120 long tail that it sees it 129 00:05:21,270 --> 00:05:19,440 carries dust away from it 130 00:05:23,749 --> 00:05:21,280 now the dust from the comet may be a 131 00:05:25,990 --> 00:05:23,759 hazard to our spacecraft we've studied 132 00:05:27,510 --> 00:05:26,000 and modeled it extensively 133 00:05:29,830 --> 00:05:27,520 and we now know 134 00:05:31,590 --> 00:05:29,840 believe that when mars gets very close 135 00:05:34,150 --> 00:05:31,600 to the dust tail which is about a 136 00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:34,160 hundred minutes after closest approach 137 00:05:38,390 --> 00:05:36,240 all our spacecraft will be on the 138 00:05:39,990 --> 00:05:38,400 opposite side of the planet so the 139 00:05:42,550 --> 00:05:40,000 planet will provide the additional 140 00:05:45,350 --> 00:05:42,560 protection we believe we need to be able 141 00:05:47,270 --> 00:05:45,360 to make these observations safely from 142 00:05:51,990 --> 00:05:47,280 our mars spacecraft 143 00:05:53,510 --> 00:05:52,000 before it gets to the planet and then 144 00:05:56,150 --> 00:05:53,520 right afterwards 145 00:05:58,870 --> 00:05:56,160 with opportunity and curiosity on the 146 00:06:00,790 --> 00:05:58,880 surface observing the comet as it flies 147 00:06:03,029 --> 00:06:00,800 right in front of them 148 00:06:04,469 --> 00:06:03,039 well this is an absolutely spectacular 149 00:06:06,870 --> 00:06:04,479 event 150 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:06,880 and what i'd like to do now is turn it 151 00:06:09,749 --> 00:06:07,680 over 152 00:06:11,189 --> 00:06:09,759 to carrie lists kerry's going to talk 153 00:06:13,270 --> 00:06:11,199 about the observations from the 154 00:06:15,189 --> 00:06:13,280 astrophysics assets that have already 155 00:06:18,790 --> 00:06:15,199 been made and those that are planned to 156 00:06:20,469 --> 00:06:18,800 be to be made thank you very much jim so 157 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:20,479 if i may have my first graphic please 158 00:06:24,070 --> 00:06:21,680 first i'm going to talk a little bit 159 00:06:25,990 --> 00:06:24,080 more about what we think why the comet 160 00:06:27,670 --> 00:06:26,000 is so important to study and then i'll 161 00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:27,680 talk about what our astrophysics assets 162 00:06:31,189 --> 00:06:29,680 have learned so far about the comet and 163 00:06:32,390 --> 00:06:31,199 what we hope to learn when it flies by 164 00:06:34,150 --> 00:06:32,400 close to mars 165 00:06:35,510 --> 00:06:34,160 so if you look at the graphic that's up 166 00:06:36,710 --> 00:06:35,520 on the screen now on the left i'm 167 00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:36,720 showing you where the comet has been 168 00:06:39,990 --> 00:06:38,240 living and that's far away in the oort 169 00:06:42,230 --> 00:06:40,000 cloud the edges of our solar system just 170 00:06:44,230 --> 00:06:42,240 as jim was describing the comet was 171 00:06:45,749 --> 00:06:44,240 placed there after it formed we think in 172 00:06:47,909 --> 00:06:45,759 the first million or a few million years 173 00:06:49,749 --> 00:06:47,919 of the beginnings of our solar system so 174 00:06:51,270 --> 00:06:49,759 it's a body that's older than the earth 175 00:06:53,430 --> 00:06:51,280 imagine a body that's about the size of 176 00:06:55,909 --> 00:06:53,440 a small appalachian mountain or downtown 177 00:06:57,749 --> 00:06:55,919 dc it's made roughly of half of rocky 178 00:06:59,189 --> 00:06:57,759 dust and half of volatile ices like 179 00:07:00,390 --> 00:06:59,199 water and carbon dioxide and carbon 180 00:07:02,469 --> 00:07:00,400 monoxide 181 00:07:04,230 --> 00:07:02,479 and it has been it was formed we think 182 00:07:05,270 --> 00:07:04,240 originally somewhere between jupiter and 183 00:07:07,029 --> 00:07:05,280 neptune 184 00:07:08,950 --> 00:07:07,039 and failed miserably and actually 185 00:07:10,309 --> 00:07:08,960 accreting and building those the planets 186 00:07:12,309 --> 00:07:10,319 like billions and billions of its 187 00:07:13,589 --> 00:07:12,319 brothers and sisters did instead it got 188 00:07:15,189 --> 00:07:13,599 a close approach to one of those bodies 189 00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:15,199 and then got thrown out on a very long 190 00:07:19,749 --> 00:07:18,080 extended orbit multi-million year orbit 191 00:07:21,589 --> 00:07:19,759 so the comet comes back every few 192 00:07:23,430 --> 00:07:21,599 million years and has never 193 00:07:25,189 --> 00:07:23,440 ever ever been closer to the sun than we 194 00:07:27,110 --> 00:07:25,199 think maybe jupiter saturn uranus or 195 00:07:28,710 --> 00:07:27,120 neptune's distance so this is its first 196 00:07:29,909 --> 00:07:28,720 passage into what we call the water ice 197 00:07:31,350 --> 00:07:29,919 line where it's really starting to boil 198 00:07:33,110 --> 00:07:31,360 its water off so it's acting very 199 00:07:35,430 --> 00:07:33,120 different 200 00:07:37,029 --> 00:07:35,440 it's also its first passage ever by mars 201 00:07:38,710 --> 00:07:37,039 if you look at the image on the left the 202 00:07:40,309 --> 00:07:38,720 comet is coming in as we've mentioned 203 00:07:42,070 --> 00:07:40,319 very far away from the sun and from the 204 00:07:43,670 --> 00:07:42,080 planets it's coming at a very large 205 00:07:46,550 --> 00:07:43,680 angle it's very fortuitous that it's 206 00:07:48,629 --> 00:07:46,560 actually going anywhere near mars 207 00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:48,639 and again this if we study the comet 208 00:07:52,309 --> 00:07:50,800 with composition its structure it will 209 00:07:53,830 --> 00:07:52,319 tell us a lot about how we think maybe 210 00:07:55,189 --> 00:07:53,840 the planets were formed 211 00:07:56,710 --> 00:07:55,199 it's also important to point out that 212 00:07:58,070 --> 00:07:56,720 all of nasa's missions to comets in the 213 00:07:59,510 --> 00:07:58,080 past have been what we call jupiter 214 00:08:01,350 --> 00:07:59,520 family comets that were formed in the 215 00:08:03,270 --> 00:08:01,360 edge of our kuiper belt in the same disc 216 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:03,280 the planets move in not from the oort 217 00:08:07,749 --> 00:08:05,520 cloud and we can't get to an cloud comet 218 00:08:09,510 --> 00:08:07,759 with our current rockets they move it to 219 00:08:11,510 --> 00:08:09,520 these orbits are very long and extended 220 00:08:13,270 --> 00:08:11,520 at very great velocities so this comet 221 00:08:14,869 --> 00:08:13,280 is coming to us it's a free flyby if you 222 00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:14,879 will and that's a very fantastic event 223 00:08:18,790 --> 00:08:16,800 for us to study 224 00:08:20,550 --> 00:08:18,800 um i'll let me go to the next slide oh 225 00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:20,560 excuse me pardon me back to the previous 226 00:08:23,270 --> 00:08:22,080 slide and on the right 227 00:08:25,909 --> 00:08:23,280 i want to show you that this comet 228 00:08:27,270 --> 00:08:25,919 apparition is so close to mars that if 229 00:08:29,430 --> 00:08:27,280 we put it in our own system which we 230 00:08:30,629 --> 00:08:29,440 know much better it's coming one third 231 00:08:32,389 --> 00:08:30,639 of the distance between the earth and 232 00:08:34,709 --> 00:08:32,399 the moon this would be extremely close 233 00:08:36,630 --> 00:08:34,719 fly by even a near-earth object asteroid 234 00:08:38,389 --> 00:08:36,640 object it's closer than any comet has 235 00:08:40,230 --> 00:08:38,399 come to the earth in the last 500 years 236 00:08:42,149 --> 00:08:40,240 it's that close what we know of the 237 00:08:43,909 --> 00:08:42,159 comet's tail and its coma its tail would 238 00:08:44,870 --> 00:08:43,919 extend from between the earth to the 239 00:08:46,790 --> 00:08:44,880 moon 240 00:08:47,910 --> 00:08:46,800 and its coma would fill about half the 241 00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:47,920 distance between the earth and the moon 242 00:08:51,190 --> 00:08:49,360 it's that kind of size object to give 243 00:08:52,550 --> 00:08:51,200 you reference points so the next slide 244 00:08:54,470 --> 00:08:52,560 please 245 00:08:55,990 --> 00:08:54,480 so here's uh i'm showing you the 246 00:08:57,269 --> 00:08:56,000 different astrophysical 247 00:08:58,630 --> 00:08:57,279 assets and what they've observed from 248 00:09:00,710 --> 00:08:58,640 the comet so far and what they will 249 00:09:02,389 --> 00:09:00,720 observe during the close approach 250 00:09:04,150 --> 00:09:02,399 um let me summarize to begin with the 251 00:09:06,150 --> 00:09:04,160 assets have shown us so far the comet 252 00:09:08,949 --> 00:09:06,160 looks like it's somewhere between half 253 00:09:10,630 --> 00:09:08,959 and five miles in diameter 254 00:09:12,230 --> 00:09:10,640 um we think it's again the mass of a 255 00:09:14,870 --> 00:09:12,240 small mountain for numbers you want 10 256 00:09:16,870 --> 00:09:14,880 to 9 and 10 to 11 tons of material 257 00:09:19,430 --> 00:09:16,880 uh i mentioned how long 100 000 mile 258 00:09:20,630 --> 00:09:19,440 long wide coma and maybe 300 000 mile 259 00:09:22,710 --> 00:09:20,640 long tail 260 00:09:24,550 --> 00:09:22,720 and it's moving jim has to show you that 261 00:09:26,070 --> 00:09:24,560 movie because it's moving retrograde 262 00:09:28,070 --> 00:09:26,080 it's moving against the orbit of the 263 00:09:30,389 --> 00:09:28,080 planets it's going to coming in at 33 264 00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:30,399 miles per second relative velocity to 265 00:09:34,389 --> 00:09:32,640 mars that means very high velocity so 266 00:09:36,470 --> 00:09:34,399 anything that comes off the comet that 267 00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:36,480 hits either mars or the spacecraft is 268 00:09:40,230 --> 00:09:38,160 going to have pack a real large amount 269 00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:40,240 of kinetic energy a real wallop 270 00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:41,360 so that's one of the things we've been 271 00:09:45,110 --> 00:09:44,000 really worried about uh this is as jim 272 00:09:46,630 --> 00:09:45,120 also mentioned this is probably going to 273 00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:46,640 be our first 274 00:09:50,790 --> 00:09:48,880 capability to ever actually image and 275 00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:50,800 resolve and or cloud comets nucleus and 276 00:09:53,670 --> 00:09:52,560 that's going to be pretty exciting kelly 277 00:09:55,430 --> 00:09:53,680 will talk more about that in a minute 278 00:09:56,630 --> 00:09:55,440 but let me get back to the assets what 279 00:09:58,630 --> 00:09:56,640 i'm showing you here in this slide on 280 00:10:00,389 --> 00:09:58,640 the left this is an optical ground-based 281 00:10:02,630 --> 00:10:00,399 image but i want to set the the table 282 00:10:04,310 --> 00:10:02,640 here the big 283 00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:04,320 bright glob is that's a globular cluster 284 00:10:06,949 --> 00:10:05,600 of stars in the top but in the bottom of 285 00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:06,959 the image is a little smudge with the 286 00:10:10,470 --> 00:10:08,880 tail that's our comet that siding spring 287 00:10:12,150 --> 00:10:10,480 and that was taken at the end of august 288 00:10:13,190 --> 00:10:12,160 so you can see a nucleus and a coma 289 00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:13,200 that's the bright kind of circular 290 00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:14,240 region then there's the tail that's 291 00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:16,000 fanning out behind it 292 00:10:22,069 --> 00:10:17,440 the next 293 00:10:23,670 --> 00:10:22,079 wise neowise it was taken 294 00:10:25,350 --> 00:10:23,680 almost well just a few weeks ago the end 295 00:10:26,949 --> 00:10:25,360 of september and you're seeing four 296 00:10:28,470 --> 00:10:26,959 different images in heat radiation that 297 00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:28,480 are sensitive to the nucleus and dust 298 00:10:31,430 --> 00:10:30,000 coming off from this comet and you'll 299 00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:31,440 notice that the spots these are four 300 00:10:34,310 --> 00:10:33,040 different exposures of the comet and 301 00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:34,320 they're varying in brightness the comet 302 00:10:37,750 --> 00:10:35,920 is getting quite variable that's what 303 00:10:39,670 --> 00:10:37,760 wise is telling us and you're also 304 00:10:41,350 --> 00:10:39,680 in the next image you're seeing hubble 305 00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:41,360 and hubble has looked at the comet since 306 00:10:45,509 --> 00:10:43,600 october then in january then in march 307 00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:45,519 and is again going to look an encounter 308 00:10:49,670 --> 00:10:47,440 and humble is sensitive to the dust and 309 00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:49,680 the nucleus of the comet it can tell us 310 00:10:52,470 --> 00:10:50,880 the size of the nucleus that's where we 311 00:10:54,230 --> 00:10:52,480 have that size range of half a half a 312 00:10:56,310 --> 00:10:54,240 mile to five miles of the nucleus in 313 00:10:57,829 --> 00:10:56,320 diameter also the amount of dust that's 314 00:11:00,150 --> 00:10:57,839 coming off and that's we've watched the 315 00:11:01,750 --> 00:11:00,160 dust and we've had colleagues around the 316 00:11:03,110 --> 00:11:01,760 world who've modeled how that dust is 317 00:11:04,710 --> 00:11:03,120 coming off and it looks like it's coming 318 00:11:06,630 --> 00:11:04,720 off extremely slowly and that's where we 319 00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:06,640 think the hazard to the spacecraft on 320 00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:08,240 mars would be minimal 321 00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:09,920 on and around mars especially if we put 322 00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:11,120 them on the night side of the planet or 323 00:11:14,710 --> 00:11:12,720 the other far side of the planet when we 324 00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:14,720 come closest approach to the comet the 325 00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:17,120 next image is swift and swift is showing 326 00:11:21,190 --> 00:11:19,360 you um water molecules that are coming 327 00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:21,200 off the comet so the water ice that's 328 00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:22,800 half of roughly half the comet is 329 00:11:26,470 --> 00:11:25,040 boiling off and there's a that's that 330 00:11:28,150 --> 00:11:26,480 nice blue white image you're seeing 331 00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:28,160 there's also some points there's a graph 332 00:11:30,710 --> 00:11:29,680 and you'll notice on the graph there's 333 00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:30,720 almost 334 00:11:35,750 --> 00:11:33,040 pretty much zero activity until you get 335 00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:35,760 up to about june of 2014 and then 336 00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:37,120 suddenly you start seeing rising that's 337 00:11:40,150 --> 00:11:38,560 when the combat got close enough to the 338 00:11:42,310 --> 00:11:40,160 sun that water started boiling it's 339 00:11:43,670 --> 00:11:42,320 about two and a half au from the sun and 340 00:11:45,990 --> 00:11:43,680 so swift has been monitoring that 341 00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:46,000 takeoff spitzer on the right is 342 00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:47,519 sensitive to the dust and also the 343 00:11:51,030 --> 00:11:49,360 carbon dioxide that's fizzing off of the 344 00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:51,040 comet and what you're seeing that image 345 00:11:53,990 --> 00:11:53,040 there is the bright extended dust tail 346 00:11:55,430 --> 00:11:54,000 that's heading 347 00:11:57,269 --> 00:11:55,440 straight up in that image but there's 348 00:11:58,949 --> 00:11:57,279 also a diffuse halo of carbon dioxide 349 00:12:00,389 --> 00:11:58,959 gas we saw the same thing for isom last 350 00:12:01,829 --> 00:12:00,399 year it's pretty exciting to realize 351 00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:01,839 that carbon dioxide may be the most 352 00:12:05,829 --> 00:12:03,920 fundamental molecule after water in 353 00:12:07,509 --> 00:12:05,839 comets so those are what already been 354 00:12:08,870 --> 00:12:07,519 seen so far we're watching a comet turn 355 00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:08,880 on getting active 356 00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:10,560 it's going to interact with mars at the 357 00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:13,200 bottom are two planned observations on 358 00:12:17,590 --> 00:12:15,040 the left is chandra's which is an x-ray 359 00:12:19,590 --> 00:12:17,600 telescope and both mars and comets are 360 00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:19,600 x-ray bright objects we know they emit 361 00:12:23,590 --> 00:12:21,519 x-rays but what we're waiting for is if 362 00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:23,600 you notice the red on in that plot are 363 00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:25,200 the different positions of mars in the 364 00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:26,480 chandra field of view and the yellow is 365 00:12:29,670 --> 00:12:28,399 the comet when they cross 366 00:12:31,990 --> 00:12:29,680 we're really going to be very interested 367 00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:32,000 to see with when comet dumps material in 368 00:12:35,350 --> 00:12:33,760 the upper atmosphere of mars ions and 369 00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:35,360 neutrals if that's going to make mars 370 00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:37,120 brighten up 371 00:12:41,350 --> 00:12:39,360 also brand new to commentary science and 372 00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:41,360 the bottom right is kepler so that's the 373 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:42,720 exoplanet finding mission it's been 374 00:12:45,829 --> 00:12:44,240 staring the northern cross for the last 375 00:12:48,629 --> 00:12:45,839 four four and a half years 376 00:12:50,150 --> 00:12:48,639 and is now in its second lifetime is now 377 00:12:52,230 --> 00:12:50,160 looking in the plane of our of our 378 00:12:53,670 --> 00:12:52,240 ecliptic planet of our solar system and 379 00:12:55,110 --> 00:12:53,680 it turns out where it's staring right 380 00:12:57,670 --> 00:12:55,120 now it's going to start about a month 381 00:12:59,350 --> 00:12:57,680 ago ago for two more months the comet if 382 00:13:00,550 --> 00:12:59,360 you see the on the very left of the 383 00:13:01,990 --> 00:13:00,560 that's the kepler field of view that 384 00:13:04,470 --> 00:13:02,000 cross of 385 00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:04,480 ccd pixels if you will or ccd fields of 386 00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:06,800 view so imagine that um 387 00:13:12,150 --> 00:13:09,120 equivalent of a thousand if you will of 388 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:12,160 your telephone um cameras or 389 00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:14,160 focal planes and you see there's white 390 00:13:17,430 --> 00:13:15,519 dots on the very left that's where the 391 00:13:19,910 --> 00:13:17,440 comet's just going to graze the kepler 392 00:13:22,069 --> 00:13:19,920 iron cross if you will and so one day 393 00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:22,079 after the closest approach for about 25 394 00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:23,600 hours and then a gap of time and then 395 00:13:27,670 --> 00:13:25,760 another three days kepler is going to 396 00:13:28,870 --> 00:13:27,680 get us extremely precise optical light 397 00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:28,880 curves of this comet we're going to see 398 00:13:32,870 --> 00:13:31,040 if it changes and varies because of its 399 00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,880 interaction with mars so that's what the 400 00:13:36,790 --> 00:13:34,399 astrophysical assets that we're using 401 00:13:37,829 --> 00:13:36,800 now and what we hope to learn at the 402 00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:37,839 mars is we're going to see if there's 403 00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:39,680 any change due to the either both in 404 00:13:43,590 --> 00:13:41,680 mars and in the comet due to this closed 405 00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:43,600 approach and just remember also in the 406 00:13:46,230 --> 00:13:44,800 back your head that this is not the 407 00:13:47,750 --> 00:13:46,240 first time a comet's ever come close to 408 00:13:49,269 --> 00:13:47,760 mars it's happened before it will happen 409 00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:49,279 again 410 00:13:51,990 --> 00:13:50,480 finally i'll leave with this note and 411 00:13:53,110 --> 00:13:52,000 then i'll hand it over to kelly is i 412 00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:53,120 think it's really exciting to think 413 00:13:57,030 --> 00:13:54,959 about this is a multi-millionaire period 414 00:13:59,110 --> 00:13:57,040 comet in its orbit this comet got 415 00:14:01,509 --> 00:13:59,120 knocked into the inner system by the 416 00:14:03,189 --> 00:14:01,519 passage of a star near the oort cloud so 417 00:14:04,790 --> 00:14:03,199 think about a comet that started its 418 00:14:06,389 --> 00:14:04,800 travel probably at the dawn of man and 419 00:14:08,150 --> 00:14:06,399 it's just coming in close now and the 420 00:14:09,670 --> 00:14:08,160 reason we can actually observe it is 421 00:14:12,389 --> 00:14:09,680 because we have built satellites and 422 00:14:14,550 --> 00:14:12,399 rovers and we're now got outposts around 423 00:14:16,949 --> 00:14:14,560 mars and that's why we can do this close 424 00:14:18,310 --> 00:14:16,959 flyby that's pretty exciting so i'm done 425 00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:18,320 from the astrophysic and the big picture 426 00:14:20,790 --> 00:14:19,360 point of view i'd like to turn it over 427 00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:20,800 to kelly who's going to tell you what 428 00:14:23,110 --> 00:14:21,920 we've been learning from the ground and 429 00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:23,120 also from what we're going to learn when 430 00:14:26,310 --> 00:14:24,800 the comet gets to mars 431 00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:26,320 yeah in terms of the planetary science 432 00:14:30,069 --> 00:14:27,760 assets normally 433 00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:30,079 you would send a spacecraft to a comet 434 00:14:34,069 --> 00:14:31,839 and in this case the comet is coming to 435 00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:34,079 the spacecraft because we happen to have 436 00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:36,000 multiple missions at mars so it's a 437 00:14:41,110 --> 00:14:39,120 fantastic opportunity and uh 438 00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:41,120 nasa has three orbiters at mars and as 439 00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:42,800 was mentioned you know first order of 440 00:14:47,269 --> 00:14:45,680 business was a safety in determining uh 441 00:14:49,189 --> 00:14:47,279 if the orbiters would be okay and what 442 00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:49,199 to do to keep them safe and and that's 443 00:14:53,509 --> 00:14:50,800 been dealt with and so the second order 444 00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:53,519 of business is science and so you've got 445 00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:55,600 all these spacecraft they're designed to 446 00:14:59,110 --> 00:14:57,440 study mars but they're repurposing 447 00:15:02,550 --> 00:14:59,120 themselves in order to take advantage of 448 00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:02,560 this amazing opportunity to study the 449 00:15:07,509 --> 00:15:05,199 comet and study what happens to mars 450 00:15:09,750 --> 00:15:07,519 when the comet interacts with mars when 451 00:15:11,910 --> 00:15:09,760 material is deposited in the atmosphere 452 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:11,920 interaction with the the comet's gas 453 00:15:14,790 --> 00:15:12,880 coma 454 00:15:17,590 --> 00:15:14,800 is there heating of the atmosphere and 455 00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,600 expansion and their meteors um studying 456 00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:19,920 the comets itself so it's a fantastic 457 00:15:24,870 --> 00:15:22,240 opportunity and if i could have the 458 00:15:25,910 --> 00:15:24,880 first animation please 459 00:15:28,389 --> 00:15:25,920 what we're seeing here we're going to 460 00:15:30,710 --> 00:15:28,399 see all the orbiters at mars in addition 461 00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:30,720 uh there's the european mars express and 462 00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:33,120 india's recent mars orbiter mission and 463 00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:35,440 then there's nasa's three orbiters 464 00:15:40,470 --> 00:15:37,440 we have the mars reconnaissance orbiter 465 00:15:42,710 --> 00:15:40,480 and mars odyssey and maven and also 466 00:15:45,509 --> 00:15:42,720 here's a schematic of the extent of what 467 00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:45,519 is really a very tenuous comet coma 468 00:15:50,230 --> 00:15:48,160 entail so just an illustration of it 469 00:15:52,389 --> 00:15:50,240 passing by and all those spacecraft 470 00:15:54,069 --> 00:15:52,399 there ready to look at mars mars 471 00:15:55,829 --> 00:15:54,079 reconnaissance orbiter is the one that 472 00:15:59,430 --> 00:15:55,839 was mentioned is going to take the first 473 00:16:01,430 --> 00:15:59,440 resolved images of an oort cloud comet 474 00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:01,440 nucleus so that's pretty exciting to 475 00:16:04,949 --> 00:16:03,120 have that opportunity to do that kind of 476 00:16:06,790 --> 00:16:04,959 science it's going to look at 477 00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:06,800 shape and rotation and the the 478 00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:08,560 brightness of the nucleus or really the 479 00:16:13,509 --> 00:16:10,320 darkness of the nucleus it's going to 480 00:16:14,870 --> 00:16:13,519 study the coma composition uh it's also 481 00:16:16,949 --> 00:16:14,880 going to look at the atmosphere of mars 482 00:16:19,350 --> 00:16:16,959 to see if it can detect any changes uh 483 00:16:20,949 --> 00:16:19,360 from the interaction between comet and 484 00:16:23,590 --> 00:16:20,959 and mars 485 00:16:26,629 --> 00:16:23,600 mars odyssey is going to be studying the 486 00:16:27,910 --> 00:16:26,639 coma and the tale of the comet it's 487 00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:27,920 going to take 488 00:16:32,230 --> 00:16:30,399 infrared and visible images and it's 489 00:16:35,590 --> 00:16:32,240 going to kind of use mars as a reference 490 00:16:36,949 --> 00:16:35,600 to understand what it's seeing 491 00:16:38,870 --> 00:16:36,959 maven 492 00:16:40,870 --> 00:16:38,880 recently got to mars and it was designed 493 00:16:43,590 --> 00:16:40,880 to study the upper atmosphere of mars so 494 00:16:45,350 --> 00:16:43,600 as part of its regular science mode it's 495 00:16:47,269 --> 00:16:45,360 going to look at 496 00:16:49,269 --> 00:16:47,279 the atmosphere and look for changes in 497 00:16:52,069 --> 00:16:49,279 the upper atmosphere due to that 498 00:16:54,550 --> 00:16:52,079 interact interaction with the comet 499 00:16:56,069 --> 00:16:54,560 and so it's ideally suited to that if 500 00:16:58,069 --> 00:16:56,079 there is any sort of heating of the 501 00:16:59,590 --> 00:16:58,079 upper atmosphere of expansion from the 502 00:17:01,350 --> 00:16:59,600 interaction 503 00:17:03,749 --> 00:17:01,360 and looking at those possible effects 504 00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:03,759 but it will also take ultraviolet images 505 00:17:08,309 --> 00:17:05,600 of the comet and we'll do a mapping of 506 00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:08,319 the composition of the comet so it's 507 00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:10,720 that's going to be really fantastic but 508 00:17:14,949 --> 00:17:12,400 in addition there are two rovers on the 509 00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:14,959 surface we've got curiosity and 510 00:17:18,870 --> 00:17:17,120 opportunity and if i could have the next 511 00:17:20,949 --> 00:17:18,880 animation please 512 00:17:22,630 --> 00:17:20,959 uh in this animation we're seeing the 513 00:17:24,309 --> 00:17:22,640 comet pass by again and it's much 514 00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:24,319 brighter here than it's really going to 515 00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:26,240 be just so we can illustrate what's 516 00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:28,559 going on but during this time when the 517 00:17:31,830 --> 00:17:30,720 comet goes by uh curiosity and 518 00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:31,840 opportunity are going to turn their 519 00:17:36,950 --> 00:17:34,400 cameras up and here's a an animation 520 00:17:38,789 --> 00:17:36,960 from opportunities viewpoint again much 521 00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:38,799 brighter so you can see what's happening 522 00:17:44,150 --> 00:17:41,120 as this kind of sped up 523 00:17:46,230 --> 00:17:44,160 animation of the comet setting goes by 524 00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:46,240 this is kind of a dusty season on mars 525 00:17:51,350 --> 00:17:48,240 too and so the dust is going to make the 526 00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:51,360 comet even less bright but still 527 00:17:55,669 --> 00:17:53,280 both opportunity and curiosity are going 528 00:17:57,830 --> 00:17:55,679 to look up try to image that comet and 529 00:17:59,830 --> 00:17:57,840 we certainly have fingers crossed for 530 00:18:01,430 --> 00:17:59,840 the first images of a comet from the 531 00:18:03,669 --> 00:18:01,440 surface of another world so that would 532 00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:03,679 be really exciting so great things going 533 00:18:06,789 --> 00:18:05,200 on at mars but let's bring it back a 534 00:18:09,350 --> 00:18:06,799 little bit closer to home 535 00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:09,360 here on earth there's lots going on 536 00:18:13,990 --> 00:18:10,960 just recently as jim mentioned if i 537 00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:14,000 could have the first image please 538 00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:16,480 nasa's balloon observation platform for 539 00:18:22,470 --> 00:18:19,200 planetary science or bops flew just a 540 00:18:25,029 --> 00:18:22,480 few weeks ago and as part of its mission 541 00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:25,039 it uh was able to make measurements of 542 00:18:29,110 --> 00:18:26,400 the comet 543 00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:29,120 and uh and it was able to do this 544 00:18:32,950 --> 00:18:31,120 because of the balloon from 545 00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:32,960 above much of earth's absorbing 546 00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:34,720 atmosphere 547 00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:36,000 now in addition there's all kinds of 548 00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:38,080 ground-based observations taking place 549 00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:40,960 all over the world to study the comet 550 00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:43,600 and if i could have the next slide uh 551 00:18:49,029 --> 00:18:46,480 here we see nasa's observatory that's 552 00:18:50,630 --> 00:18:49,039 involved in in making these observations 553 00:18:54,549 --> 00:18:50,640 this is nasa's infrared telescope 554 00:18:57,350 --> 00:18:54,559 facility or irtf on mauna kea in hawaii 555 00:18:59,430 --> 00:18:57,360 irtf meets the challenge with scheduling 556 00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:59,440 and daytime observations needed to 557 00:19:03,029 --> 00:19:00,400 really 558 00:19:05,190 --> 00:19:03,039 get the most out of this opportunity to 559 00:19:07,669 --> 00:19:05,200 maximize the access 560 00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:07,679 to the science data it has observed the 561 00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:09,520 comment already and it's going to 562 00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:11,200 continue to make observations of the 563 00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:13,440 comet the comet's composition but not 564 00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:15,280 only that also the composition of mars 565 00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:17,280 atmosphere again to see if you can see 566 00:19:21,190 --> 00:19:19,360 any signatures of uh some sort of 567 00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:21,200 interaction taking place between the 568 00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:24,000 comet the comet's coma in the atmosphere 569 00:19:27,270 --> 00:19:25,760 what happens from that 570 00:19:28,950 --> 00:19:27,280 now all that you've been hearing here a 571 00:19:31,270 --> 00:19:28,960 key part of that 572 00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:31,280 is the coordination 573 00:19:37,190 --> 00:19:35,360 and communication efforts by the um 574 00:19:39,110 --> 00:19:37,200 by the uh i have to look at the name 575 00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:39,120 because i always forget it even because 576 00:19:43,750 --> 00:19:41,520 we've rebranded it from before but it's 577 00:19:45,909 --> 00:19:43,760 the coordinated investigations of comets 578 00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:45,919 group or the seahawk they've been 579 00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:48,640 fantastic about coordinating with also 580 00:19:54,310 --> 00:19:51,600 with the mars program office out at jpl 581 00:19:58,150 --> 00:19:54,320 to get ready for this event 582 00:19:59,909 --> 00:19:58,160 convening workshops of scientists 583 00:20:02,310 --> 00:19:59,919 being able to foster coordination and 584 00:20:04,470 --> 00:20:02,320 collaboration and to really maximize the 585 00:20:07,270 --> 00:20:04,480 science coming out of this because there 586 00:20:09,270 --> 00:20:07,280 is one shot at this and uh this is the 587 00:20:11,270 --> 00:20:09,280 time to do it and so they're having had 588 00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:11,280 this lead time they're getting ready to 589 00:20:16,789 --> 00:20:13,520 get the most science out of this you'll 590 00:20:18,470 --> 00:20:16,799 see the uh jpl website at the end of uh 591 00:20:20,950 --> 00:20:18,480 at the end today i believe and then also 592 00:20:22,870 --> 00:20:20,960 the seahawks website comic campaign.org 593 00:20:24,789 --> 00:20:22,880 has plenty of information we have some 594 00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:24,799 ciac members here on the platform and 595 00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:26,640 off the platform and so we've been very 596 00:20:31,029 --> 00:20:29,360 uh thankful for their help with uh 597 00:20:33,510 --> 00:20:31,039 getting the most out of this opportunity 598 00:20:35,270 --> 00:20:33,520 the seahawk has also though engaged the 599 00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:35,280 amateur astronomy community and so with 600 00:20:39,190 --> 00:20:36,880 that i'm going to pass it to padma and 601 00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:39,200 amanda fisher to address that 602 00:20:43,510 --> 00:20:40,559 thank you kelly 603 00:20:45,750 --> 00:20:43,520 an important component of the seahawk 604 00:20:48,470 --> 00:20:45,760 observing campaign is the amateur 605 00:20:50,710 --> 00:20:48,480 community and it's important because it 606 00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:50,720 provides an extended observing team as 607 00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:52,960 well as extended observing windows that 608 00:20:58,230 --> 00:20:55,039 we can characterize the comet and also 609 00:21:01,029 --> 00:20:58,240 allows for outreach via social media 610 00:21:02,950 --> 00:21:01,039 you may have my first slide please 611 00:21:05,350 --> 00:21:02,960 as men as jim mentioned comet siding 612 00:21:07,270 --> 00:21:05,360 spring was uh discovered by rob mcnutt 613 00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:07,280 you can see the two pictures on the 614 00:21:11,669 --> 00:21:09,840 right side show both the telesco the 615 00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:11,679 telescope facility as well as the 616 00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:13,200 telescope that is used to make this 617 00:21:15,990 --> 00:21:14,960 observation 618 00:21:18,390 --> 00:21:16,000 also also 619 00:21:21,270 --> 00:21:18,400 on the left side of this uh graphic you 620 00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:21,280 see um atlas of the 621 00:21:24,950 --> 00:21:22,240 globe 622 00:21:27,110 --> 00:21:24,960 and what you see is that the red dots 623 00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:27,120 indicate where we have observers amateur 624 00:21:32,070 --> 00:21:29,760 observers as well as robotic networks so 625 00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:32,080 that observers in northern latitudes can 626 00:21:36,549 --> 00:21:34,240 use them and they've been continuously 627 00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:36,559 monitoring the the state of the comet 628 00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:39,600 since january of 2014. 629 00:21:43,990 --> 00:21:42,080 now most of the observers 630 00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:44,000 have equipment that ranges from a few 631 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:46,080 inches to uh one and a half meter 632 00:21:49,909 --> 00:21:48,720 telescopes uh they also observe in our 633 00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:49,919 uh in uh 634 00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:51,760 two wavelengths that are very sensitive 635 00:21:57,830 --> 00:21:54,320 dust and clouds on the planet as well as 636 00:21:59,750 --> 00:21:57,840 dust and uh gas in the comet uh comet 637 00:22:03,270 --> 00:21:59,760 features may have the next graphic 638 00:22:07,029 --> 00:22:04,950 now these are uh 639 00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:07,039 these are some of the observations that 640 00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:09,360 have been acquired in the last month 641 00:22:13,029 --> 00:22:11,039 or a few weeks from australia south 642 00:22:14,710 --> 00:22:13,039 america and south africa which are the 643 00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:14,720 three locations where 644 00:22:18,710 --> 00:22:16,720 the comet will be observable at night 645 00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:18,720 time as kelly mentioned it's going to be 646 00:22:23,029 --> 00:22:20,400 mostly a daytime for the northern 647 00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:23,039 latitudes but here we have identified 648 00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:25,280 not only observers but locations and the 649 00:22:29,510 --> 00:22:27,280 time windows where we can actually get 650 00:22:31,909 --> 00:22:29,520 uh some continuous data for the next few 651 00:22:33,669 --> 00:22:31,919 weeks um and you can see that the comet 652 00:22:36,549 --> 00:22:33,679 has changed uh it looks a little 653 00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:36,559 different from uh from the time august 654 00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:39,600 to september and like kerry mentioned it 655 00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:41,760 is variable and this is very interesting 656 00:22:44,870 --> 00:22:42,960 to see how it's going to evolve in the 657 00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:44,880 next couple of weeks may have the next 658 00:22:49,029 --> 00:22:47,120 slide please 659 00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:49,039 this graph basically shows the status of 660 00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:51,600 the comet and mars as of last week 661 00:22:56,070 --> 00:22:53,840 simply because 662 00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:56,080 what we're noticing is as the comet 663 00:23:00,070 --> 00:22:57,679 comes from the south of the ecliptic and 664 00:23:02,950 --> 00:23:00,080 is going on towards northern latitudes 665 00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:02,960 earth has crossed its uh orbital uh uh 666 00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:04,720 plane and therefore we see different 667 00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:06,559 features in the comet that we normally 668 00:23:11,190 --> 00:23:09,520 see when a planet crosses the orbital 669 00:23:14,230 --> 00:23:11,200 plane like an anti-tail which is in the 670 00:23:16,950 --> 00:23:14,240 middle uh slide middle image of the 671 00:23:18,870 --> 00:23:16,960 comet on the left side but as of last 672 00:23:21,190 --> 00:23:18,880 week it uh seems to 673 00:23:24,310 --> 00:23:21,200 have varying brightness which is shown 674 00:23:27,190 --> 00:23:24,320 in the top right 675 00:23:28,789 --> 00:23:27,200 of the comet but at the same time uh 676 00:23:30,789 --> 00:23:28,799 mars has also been 677 00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:30,799 observed by the amateurs since january 678 00:23:35,270 --> 00:23:32,640 and what we notice is this going through 679 00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:35,280 its changes of season so the top right 680 00:23:38,549 --> 00:23:37,280 mars image is from april when it was 681 00:23:40,630 --> 00:23:38,559 closest to the earth and you can see a 682 00:23:41,590 --> 00:23:40,640 lot of structure and details on the uh 683 00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:41,600 surface 684 00:23:46,630 --> 00:23:43,760 and the two uh images below that were 685 00:23:49,430 --> 00:23:46,640 taken just a few days back on october 686 00:23:51,350 --> 00:23:49,440 5th where it has entered its uh northern 687 00:23:53,669 --> 00:23:51,360 uh fall season like 688 00:23:55,669 --> 00:23:53,679 kelly mentioned it's a dust storm season 689 00:23:57,909 --> 00:23:55,679 and there were two dust storms that were 690 00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:57,919 uh observed on that day and by this 691 00:24:02,390 --> 00:24:00,480 point the disc has uh decreased to mere 692 00:24:04,710 --> 00:24:02,400 six arc seconds in the telescope from 693 00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:04,720 ground so this is very interesting that 694 00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:06,960 both planet and comet are changing so 695 00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:08,320 the interaction is going to be very 696 00:24:12,070 --> 00:24:09,440 exciting 697 00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:12,080 next slide please 698 00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,880 and this one basically is in addition to 699 00:24:18,549 --> 00:24:16,559 all of that happening the southern 700 00:24:20,149 --> 00:24:18,559 hemispheric sky where the interaction of 701 00:24:22,630 --> 00:24:20,159 the flyby is going to occur is a very 702 00:24:23,990 --> 00:24:22,640 busy part of the sky uh on the left side 703 00:24:26,470 --> 00:24:24,000 you can see the blue rectangle 704 00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:26,480 represents exactly where the two objects 705 00:24:30,549 --> 00:24:28,720 are going to be crossing the paths but 706 00:24:32,870 --> 00:24:30,559 you can see the rest of the sky is very 707 00:24:35,669 --> 00:24:32,880 busy as it passes lmc the large 708 00:24:38,070 --> 00:24:35,679 magellanic cloud and so it's uh our 709 00:24:40,070 --> 00:24:38,080 observers are essentially practicing 710 00:24:41,830 --> 00:24:40,080 their observing techniques um also 711 00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:41,840 getting familiar with the star field and 712 00:24:47,909 --> 00:24:42,880 as the 713 00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:47,919 on the right side what you see is the on 714 00:24:55,029 --> 00:24:52,080 the time of uh encounter on october 19th 715 00:24:57,110 --> 00:24:55,039 basically australia and uh 716 00:25:00,149 --> 00:24:57,120 south africa are going to be the best 717 00:25:02,870 --> 00:25:00,159 places to see optimally south africa and 718 00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:02,880 so we the blue stars on that map 719 00:25:07,029 --> 00:25:04,400 indicate locations where we have 720 00:25:09,190 --> 00:25:07,039 identified both robotic as well as 721 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:09,200 individual astronomers that are going to 722 00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:11,520 be taking data continuously so that we 723 00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:13,760 can actually see what 724 00:25:19,669 --> 00:25:17,520 the how the dust structures how mars 725 00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:19,679 global features how they change and 726 00:25:23,190 --> 00:25:21,120 that's important even though there are 727 00:25:25,029 --> 00:25:23,200 lots of uh 728 00:25:26,549 --> 00:25:25,039 nasa assets that are looking at it here 729 00:25:28,149 --> 00:25:26,559 you're seeing the far environment you're 730 00:25:30,390 --> 00:25:28,159 seeing the global picture rather than 731 00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:30,400 just the nearby picture so this provides 732 00:25:35,669 --> 00:25:32,880 a complimentary view of the event 733 00:25:39,269 --> 00:25:35,679 may have the next uh slide please 734 00:25:40,390 --> 00:25:39,279 now this uh in it for as far as outreach 735 00:25:42,870 --> 00:25:40,400 part of the 736 00:25:44,710 --> 00:25:42,880 work is providing resources and access 737 00:25:49,190 --> 00:25:44,720 like star charts here's a sample star 738 00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:49,200 chart that we do provide via our various 739 00:25:53,750 --> 00:25:51,440 social media dimensions 740 00:25:57,350 --> 00:25:53,760 and this is essentially if somebody in 741 00:26:00,070 --> 00:25:57,360 australia in south africa at 742 00:26:02,070 --> 00:26:00,080 cape town walks out and takes a look up 743 00:26:04,630 --> 00:26:02,080 at the sky what would they can see in 744 00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:04,640 the sky are not only the planet mars and 745 00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:06,880 antares and saturn but you can also see 746 00:26:10,630 --> 00:26:09,440 the comet but i i this is just a 747 00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:10,640 schematic 748 00:26:14,549 --> 00:26:12,960 picture it's not a naked eye object the 749 00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:14,559 comet you cannot see it like that is 750 00:26:17,909 --> 00:26:16,400 naked eye it's a binocular object you 751 00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:17,919 can see the telescopes but it 752 00:26:22,149 --> 00:26:19,760 essentially helps people to at least 753 00:26:23,350 --> 00:26:22,159 know where to look because the sky is so 754 00:26:25,909 --> 00:26:23,360 busy 755 00:26:27,510 --> 00:26:25,919 may have the next graphic please 756 00:26:30,149 --> 00:26:27,520 and this one 757 00:26:31,350 --> 00:26:30,159 basically shows um why we study comets 758 00:26:33,430 --> 00:26:31,360 because 759 00:26:35,750 --> 00:26:33,440 jim and kerry as well as kelly have all 760 00:26:38,630 --> 00:26:35,760 mentioned this is a once in a lifetime 761 00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:38,640 event for a comet going by 762 00:26:41,830 --> 00:26:39,760 mars 763 00:26:43,269 --> 00:26:41,840 earth cloud comets it's hard to plan 764 00:26:45,029 --> 00:26:43,279 missions to them because you don't know 765 00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:45,039 where they're going to come from and how 766 00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:47,520 they're going to behave so here is a 767 00:26:51,750 --> 00:26:50,080 composition of a lot of the images of 768 00:26:54,310 --> 00:26:51,760 various comets that are available in our 769 00:26:56,149 --> 00:26:54,320 sky currently and these are amateur 770 00:26:58,070 --> 00:26:56,159 astronomers who have taken these images 771 00:27:00,149 --> 00:26:58,080 and they essentially provide the legacy 772 00:27:01,990 --> 00:27:00,159 and the data and the reference system 773 00:27:04,310 --> 00:27:02,000 against which all we can place uh the 774 00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:04,320 other other high resolution observations 775 00:27:08,070 --> 00:27:06,320 in context and that's one of the reasons 776 00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:08,080 we study comets is that because they're 777 00:27:10,630 --> 00:27:09,440 the remnants of our solar system 778 00:27:13,269 --> 00:27:10,640 formation 779 00:27:15,510 --> 00:27:13,279 so back to you duane okay thank you so 780 00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:15,520 now we're going to transition into uh 781 00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:17,440 the question and answer period a lot of 782 00:27:22,710 --> 00:27:19,600 questions and again for our 783 00:27:25,350 --> 00:27:22,720 audience viewing 784 00:27:27,590 --> 00:27:25,360 ask nasa send those questions in we have 785 00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:27,600 the answers join the conversation 786 00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:30,399 there's a lot of it worldwide on twitter 787 00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:31,840 and facebook and look at the nasa 788 00:27:35,510 --> 00:27:34,080 accounts join that conversation so what 789 00:27:37,830 --> 00:27:35,520 i'm going to do here before we go to the 790 00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:37,840 phone lines uh see we have any media 791 00:27:42,630 --> 00:27:40,000 representatives here in the auditorium 792 00:27:44,870 --> 00:27:42,640 and then we're going to uh go to 793 00:27:47,269 --> 00:27:44,880 uh mr social media himself jason 794 00:27:49,190 --> 00:27:47,279 townsend in a second any uh media reps 795 00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:49,200 will see a hand here if we can get a mic 796 00:27:58,310 --> 00:27:50,320 if you can wait for the mic give your 797 00:28:01,909 --> 00:27:59,510 um 798 00:28:03,669 --> 00:28:01,919 it was announced recently oh i'm sorry 799 00:28:05,590 --> 00:28:03,679 marcia freeman with executive 800 00:28:07,669 --> 00:28:05,600 intelligence review 801 00:28:10,950 --> 00:28:07,679 uh it was recently announced that there 802 00:28:13,430 --> 00:28:10,960 would be coordination in data collected 803 00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:13,440 by the mars orbiter admission and maven 804 00:28:18,310 --> 00:28:15,440 which is wonderful 805 00:28:22,070 --> 00:28:18,320 is there a method by which is going to 806 00:28:23,669 --> 00:28:22,080 be coordination between all of the nasa 807 00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:23,679 craft at mars 808 00:28:30,230 --> 00:28:26,720 mars express and the orbiter mission and 809 00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:30,240 international coordination 810 00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:31,520 indeed uh 811 00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:33,760 those dialogues go on uh between the 812 00:28:38,630 --> 00:28:37,360 teams uh with respect to indians 813 00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:38,640 mom mission 814 00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:41,520 uh we've just started that conversation 815 00:28:47,269 --> 00:28:44,240 uh the uh observations that probably 816 00:28:48,389 --> 00:28:47,279 relate the most are from the maven team 817 00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:48,399 and 818 00:28:53,590 --> 00:28:51,600 both the investigators from those two 819 00:28:55,430 --> 00:28:53,600 mission sets are are just now beginning 820 00:28:58,310 --> 00:28:55,440 that dialogue 821 00:29:01,269 --> 00:28:58,320 i'll add that the workshops convened by 822 00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:01,279 the ceoc and the mars program office uh 823 00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:03,600 had participation from all the nasa 824 00:29:07,510 --> 00:29:06,720 missions and from isis mars express um 825 00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:07,520 and 826 00:29:10,630 --> 00:29:09,200 from india's mars orbiter mission they 827 00:29:13,269 --> 00:29:10,640 all they all called in and share so 828 00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:13,279 there's been communication of plans and 829 00:29:17,190 --> 00:29:15,440 uh um but certainly in the case of the 830 00:29:19,269 --> 00:29:17,200 indian mission it's uh that's kind of 831 00:29:20,789 --> 00:29:19,279 just starting since i mean since they 832 00:29:22,149 --> 00:29:20,799 and may even we just got there and 833 00:29:23,510 --> 00:29:22,159 getting set up 834 00:29:25,269 --> 00:29:23,520 and i'd like to add if you want to go 835 00:29:26,789 --> 00:29:25,279 and see what the um what happened those 836 00:29:28,230 --> 00:29:26,799 workshops they're on they've live 837 00:29:30,710 --> 00:29:28,240 streamed in there and everything's been 838 00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:30,720 captured on onto the web so especially 839 00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:31,679 the last one there was a lot of 840 00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:33,440 international discussion 841 00:29:37,669 --> 00:29:35,840 so i think we'll see a lot of really 842 00:29:40,470 --> 00:29:37,679 great correlative data being brought to 843 00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:40,480 bear and tackling a lot of 844 00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:43,600 uh of the science uh and that'll require 845 00:29:47,269 --> 00:29:45,760 all sorts of data from not only our 846 00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:47,279 missions but uh the ground-based 847 00:29:53,669 --> 00:29:49,360 observations and the amateur community 848 00:29:58,149 --> 00:29:55,190 yes course wait for the mic and name 849 00:30:02,389 --> 00:30:00,630 i'm dan vergano with national geographic 850 00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:02,399 um do you have any expectation about how 851 00:30:06,389 --> 00:30:04,640 long it'll take to you have a full 852 00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:06,399 picture of all these observations it's 853 00:30:08,710 --> 00:30:07,200 not 854 00:30:10,389 --> 00:30:08,720 like your switch you turn on and it's 855 00:30:12,070 --> 00:30:10,399 all immediately cooked right it's going 856 00:30:13,669 --> 00:30:12,080 to take a little bit 857 00:30:16,470 --> 00:30:13,679 that's i'll take that that's a very good 858 00:30:18,149 --> 00:30:16,480 question um most of the the data that 859 00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:18,159 comes down is going to take a day or two 860 00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:19,600 to get through the pipelines at the very 861 00:30:22,389 --> 00:30:20,640 least 862 00:30:23,830 --> 00:30:22,399 and so and then to be checked and make 863 00:30:25,190 --> 00:30:23,840 sure we want to make sure that the data 864 00:30:26,310 --> 00:30:25,200 looks good and that we removed any 865 00:30:28,789 --> 00:30:26,320 artifacts 866 00:30:29,990 --> 00:30:28,799 um the good news is that and i think 867 00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:30,000 people's attention is really going to be 868 00:30:34,389 --> 00:30:31,600 riveted on the day of counter itself 869 00:30:36,470 --> 00:30:34,399 october 19th um we're actually expecting 870 00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:36,480 to get some good imagery a few days 871 00:30:39,350 --> 00:30:38,480 before remember the what how the comet's 872 00:30:40,870 --> 00:30:39,360 going to look is going to be roughly 873 00:30:41,750 --> 00:30:40,880 symmetric with the time of closest 874 00:30:43,110 --> 00:30:41,760 approach 875 00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:43,120 so what you may see on the day of 876 00:30:48,149 --> 00:30:45,440 october 19th is actually an image of a 877 00:30:49,669 --> 00:30:48,159 day or two out from the mars assets 878 00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:49,679 and then you'll start seeing over the 879 00:30:53,110 --> 00:30:51,120 next week or two you're going to see 880 00:30:54,950 --> 00:30:53,120 more data come in and the best data 881 00:30:56,549 --> 00:30:54,960 probably won't actually 882 00:30:57,990 --> 00:30:56,559 be available and probably until about 883 00:30:59,750 --> 00:30:58,000 three or four days after we don't want 884 00:31:00,630 --> 00:30:59,760 to over promise 885 00:31:01,750 --> 00:31:00,640 but that's that's when we're going to 886 00:31:03,669 --> 00:31:01,760 really have the close approach we'll 887 00:31:05,509 --> 00:31:03,679 look through it we'll remove cosmic rays 888 00:31:06,710 --> 00:31:05,519 any sort of glitches artifacts to make 889 00:31:08,310 --> 00:31:06,720 sure one of the things we're interested 890 00:31:09,830 --> 00:31:08,320 in is we're going to see meters in mars 891 00:31:10,870 --> 00:31:09,840 atmosphere you have to be careful to 892 00:31:13,990 --> 00:31:10,880 make sure there's not any sort of 893 00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:15,430 any other questions we're actually going 894 00:31:18,630 --> 00:31:17,440 to go to the phone line so we have a in 895 00:31:25,350 --> 00:31:18,640 here wait for the mic and your 896 00:31:28,470 --> 00:31:27,110 hi my name is celina i'm from talk radio 897 00:31:31,269 --> 00:31:28,480 news service and i would just like to 898 00:31:34,630 --> 00:31:31,279 ask how long will this whole study last 899 00:31:36,549 --> 00:31:34,640 for will it um after after october 19th 900 00:31:38,149 --> 00:31:36,559 i mean you have a couple days for all of 901 00:31:39,669 --> 00:31:38,159 your day to come down but overall how 902 00:31:41,669 --> 00:31:39,679 long would it take 903 00:31:43,430 --> 00:31:41,679 certainly it's just yeah the the 904 00:31:44,789 --> 00:31:43,440 encounter is that day and it'll take 905 00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:44,799 some time to get the data down from the 906 00:31:47,509 --> 00:31:46,559 spacecraft 907 00:31:49,350 --> 00:31:47,519 days 908 00:31:50,630 --> 00:31:49,360 but then there there are so many 909 00:31:52,630 --> 00:31:50,640 observations involved and there's the 910 00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:52,640 quick look pictures which uh you know 911 00:31:55,750 --> 00:31:54,000 everybody will try to get out there as 912 00:31:57,509 --> 00:31:55,760 quick as possible and the early results 913 00:31:59,509 --> 00:31:57,519 but then the science analysis 914 00:32:02,070 --> 00:31:59,519 will go on for a long time especially to 915 00:32:03,110 --> 00:32:02,080 get to get all the science out of the 916 00:32:04,870 --> 00:32:03,120 out of all the data that aren't 917 00:32:07,190 --> 00:32:04,880 necessarily pictures and so it will it 918 00:32:09,430 --> 00:32:07,200 will extend for a long time but i know 919 00:32:10,870 --> 00:32:09,440 that scientists will want to 920 00:32:12,470 --> 00:32:10,880 work as fast as possible to try to get 921 00:32:14,870 --> 00:32:12,480 more results out at some of the major 922 00:32:16,310 --> 00:32:14,880 meetings that will be following 923 00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:16,320 like the 924 00:32:19,269 --> 00:32:18,000 perhaps the uh 925 00:32:22,389 --> 00:32:19,279 division planetary science meeting 926 00:32:24,149 --> 00:32:22,399 american geophysical union meeting uh 927 00:32:25,509 --> 00:32:24,159 lps st lunar planetary science 928 00:32:27,029 --> 00:32:25,519 conference so 929 00:32:29,110 --> 00:32:27,039 i imagine over the next year it will 930 00:32:31,669 --> 00:32:29,120 continue to dribble out but hopefully in 931 00:32:33,029 --> 00:32:31,679 the first few days some quick results 932 00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:33,039 that's a very good answer if i may just 933 00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:34,960 add is that our common ison experience 934 00:32:38,470 --> 00:32:36,640 last year the first science papers came 935 00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:38,480 out with about three months but then 936 00:32:41,830 --> 00:32:40,000 we're still getting the really the bulk 937 00:32:43,430 --> 00:32:41,840 of the papers are coming out now so 938 00:32:45,029 --> 00:32:43,440 expect most scientists to come out with 939 00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:45,039 the real serious results within about a 940 00:32:49,190 --> 00:32:47,279 year year and a half after the event 941 00:32:51,509 --> 00:32:49,200 i'd like to add to that too 942 00:32:53,350 --> 00:32:51,519 in addition to all the 943 00:32:55,509 --> 00:32:53,360 professional as well as the assets that 944 00:32:57,590 --> 00:32:55,519 are going to be taking data their 945 00:32:58,789 --> 00:32:57,600 amateurs tend to take have a longer 946 00:33:01,029 --> 00:32:58,799 timeline 947 00:33:04,070 --> 00:33:01,039 as a comet is interesting even after as 948 00:33:07,029 --> 00:33:04,080 it's receding they still take data and 949 00:33:08,549 --> 00:33:07,039 so there may be other other pictures 950 00:33:10,149 --> 00:33:08,559 that come out of it in different type of 951 00:33:12,070 --> 00:33:10,159 features that might be seen in a tale 952 00:33:13,830 --> 00:33:12,080 that you normally cannot predict but you 953 00:33:16,230 --> 00:33:13,840 can have long tenuous tales and 954 00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:16,240 disconnection events or other things and 955 00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:18,799 so on the amateur side the timeline 956 00:33:23,590 --> 00:33:21,360 might be longer as interesting features 957 00:33:25,830 --> 00:33:23,600 present themselves so it could be months 958 00:33:27,350 --> 00:33:25,840 maybe four or five months later on and 959 00:33:28,789 --> 00:33:27,360 we didn't really highlight here the uh 960 00:33:30,549 --> 00:33:28,799 some of the nasa assets are going to be 961 00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:30,559 continuing far out i know like the swift 962 00:33:35,909 --> 00:33:32,159 observations are going to continue for a 963 00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:35,919 long time and uh neo-wise and so yeah 964 00:33:39,029 --> 00:33:37,760 it is the gift that keeps on giving 965 00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:39,039 that's a very important point which we 966 00:33:41,830 --> 00:33:40,320 didn't highlight the comet is going 967 00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:41,840 through perihelion it's closest distance 968 00:33:45,669 --> 00:33:43,760 the sun five days after it's closest to 969 00:33:47,029 --> 00:33:45,679 mars so then basically then it just 970 00:33:48,789 --> 00:33:47,039 starts going out at the solar system 971 00:33:50,149 --> 00:33:48,799 again assuming it survives the mars 972 00:33:51,430 --> 00:33:50,159 encounter we're actually going to watch 973 00:33:52,870 --> 00:33:51,440 and see if there have been any changes 974 00:33:55,269 --> 00:33:52,880 because of this first passage through 975 00:33:57,190 --> 00:33:55,279 the inner system so just as kelly and 976 00:33:58,310 --> 00:33:57,200 padma mentioned following this comment 977 00:34:00,630 --> 00:33:58,320 back out again is going to be very 978 00:34:02,149 --> 00:34:00,640 important as well as the fly by my mars 979 00:34:04,149 --> 00:34:02,159 if there's one thing we've learned about 980 00:34:06,710 --> 00:34:04,159 comets and that is they're very 981 00:34:08,550 --> 00:34:06,720 unpredictable and and indeed that's why 982 00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:08,560 we want to keep watching 983 00:34:13,349 --> 00:34:10,720 you know as it passes by mars that's a 984 00:34:15,829 --> 00:34:13,359 gravitational perturbation interaction 985 00:34:17,669 --> 00:34:15,839 uh what does that do to the comet itself 986 00:34:19,589 --> 00:34:17,679 uh does it 987 00:34:21,190 --> 00:34:19,599 break it up does it rearrange it you 988 00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:21,200 know so the observations are going to 989 00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:23,200 really be critical to hang in there and 990 00:34:29,669 --> 00:34:25,440 continue to continue to make 991 00:34:31,109 --> 00:34:29,679 be made well after it passes by mars 992 00:34:33,669 --> 00:34:31,119 it certainly will be a gift that keeps 993 00:34:35,109 --> 00:34:33,679 on giving that's for sure um okay so 994 00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:35,119 what i'm gonna do here is go to the 995 00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:37,119 phone lines next uh we'll have an 996 00:34:41,109 --> 00:34:38,960 opportunity to come back so we'll do the 997 00:34:42,310 --> 00:34:41,119 phone lines next and then social media 998 00:34:44,790 --> 00:34:42,320 come back here 999 00:34:47,669 --> 00:34:44,800 um i believe we have irene from reuters 1000 00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:47,679 on the call you're up irene 1001 00:34:51,109 --> 00:34:48,720 hi 1002 00:34:53,829 --> 00:34:51,119 thanks very much um i have two questions 1003 00:34:56,230 --> 00:34:53,839 so first is is it just a coincidence 1004 00:34:58,630 --> 00:34:56,240 that the orbiters um 1005 00:34:59,430 --> 00:34:58,640 are going to be on the opposite side of 1006 00:35:10,069 --> 00:34:59,440 the 1007 00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:10,079 mars or was a uh 1008 00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:12,240 some tweaks made in the orbit to make 1009 00:35:17,030 --> 00:35:14,720 that happen and i have a follow-up 1010 00:35:19,030 --> 00:35:17,040 okay yeah that's not a coincidence um 1011 00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:19,040 the uh after that all the modeling was 1012 00:35:21,829 --> 00:35:20,480 done and one of our seahawk members here 1013 00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:21,839 was actually led one of the modeling 1014 00:35:25,430 --> 00:35:23,200 groups to look at the hazard to the 1015 00:35:28,550 --> 00:35:25,440 spacecraft once that was determined 1016 00:35:31,750 --> 00:35:28,560 and uh uh and the timing which is really 1017 00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:31,760 important when is the time of greatest 1018 00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:34,079 risk once that was determined 1019 00:35:38,310 --> 00:35:35,920 then plans were put in motion and the 1020 00:35:40,470 --> 00:35:38,320 studies were made to uh re-phase the 1021 00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:40,480 orbits to do the maneuvers needed to 1022 00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:42,640 make sure that the spacecraft are on the 1023 00:35:49,109 --> 00:35:44,640 far side of mars during the time of 1024 00:35:55,190 --> 00:35:51,270 and then just following up on that last 1025 00:35:57,510 --> 00:35:55,200 comment um is there any assessment for 1026 00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:57,520 the likelihood that the comet will be 1027 00:36:02,150 --> 00:35:58,400 destroyed 1028 00:36:06,630 --> 00:36:03,670 well i think it's unlikely that it'll be 1029 00:36:08,550 --> 00:36:06,640 destroyed uh in the sense that we won't 1030 00:36:10,950 --> 00:36:08,560 see it as as 1031 00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:10,960 continuing to sublimate creating a coma 1032 00:36:13,750 --> 00:36:11,680 and 1033 00:36:16,390 --> 00:36:13,760 a tail but whether it retains its 1034 00:36:17,589 --> 00:36:16,400 structure or not is is uh is uh of 1035 00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:17,599 interest you know whether the 1036 00:36:23,430 --> 00:36:20,320 gravitational perturbations are so great 1037 00:36:25,589 --> 00:36:23,440 uh that that it breaks it apart 1038 00:36:27,109 --> 00:36:25,599 i think uh astronomers don't believe 1039 00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:27,119 that that will happen but you know we 1040 00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:28,560 want to be able to look at it and 1041 00:36:31,990 --> 00:36:30,240 continue to make observations to 1042 00:36:33,750 --> 00:36:32,000 determine that i'd like to add to that 1043 00:36:35,910 --> 00:36:33,760 it's a very good response is that we did 1044 00:36:38,310 --> 00:36:35,920 see in 1994 a comic called shoemaker 1045 00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:38,320 levy 9 that hit repeatedly into jupiter 1046 00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:40,000 because it had flown so close by two 1047 00:36:44,150 --> 00:36:42,560 years before that in 1992 that it got 1048 00:36:46,550 --> 00:36:44,160 ripped apart 1049 00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:46,560 uh we don't think that in the case of 1050 00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:48,400 siding springs mars is a much smaller 1051 00:36:51,510 --> 00:36:49,920 body much less mass than jupiter and 1052 00:36:52,950 --> 00:36:51,520 even though we're coming that close to 1053 00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:52,960 very close to mars 1054 00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:54,400 most of the models 1055 00:36:57,750 --> 00:36:55,920 argue that even though a comet is also 1056 00:36:59,190 --> 00:36:57,760 very weak think of the strength of maybe 1057 00:37:01,430 --> 00:36:59,200 meringue and lemon meringue pie or 1058 00:37:03,109 --> 00:37:01,440 talcum powder and a pile in your hand 1059 00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:03,119 that's how strong comets are even the 1060 00:37:05,589 --> 00:37:04,800 size of a mountain they're incredibly 1061 00:37:06,870 --> 00:37:05,599 weak 1062 00:37:08,069 --> 00:37:06,880 it's amazing that they're still around 1063 00:37:09,190 --> 00:37:08,079 after four and a half billion years but 1064 00:37:10,550 --> 00:37:09,200 the most the reason for that is that 1065 00:37:11,910 --> 00:37:10,560 they've been living very very far away 1066 00:37:13,829 --> 00:37:11,920 from the sun and they've been deep 1067 00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:13,839 freeze just kind of in a time storage 1068 00:37:17,109 --> 00:37:16,000 vault but jim's right we don't know if 1069 00:37:18,950 --> 00:37:17,119 we knew everything about comets we 1070 00:37:20,230 --> 00:37:18,960 wouldn't be studying them and they 1071 00:37:22,630 --> 00:37:20,240 wouldn't be that interesting and 1072 00:37:24,710 --> 00:37:22,640 variable and enigmatic and they are all 1073 00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:24,720 of those things so if we don't look we 1074 00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:25,920 won't find out and there is a 1075 00:37:29,109 --> 00:37:27,599 possibility that the comet may have 1076 00:37:31,030 --> 00:37:29,119 already broken up a little bit there's a 1077 00:37:33,589 --> 00:37:31,040 possibility that mars may drive some 1078 00:37:35,270 --> 00:37:33,599 more activity that's why we're looking 1079 00:37:36,710 --> 00:37:35,280 you know one of the things that we've 1080 00:37:38,630 --> 00:37:36,720 been monitoring of course is the 1081 00:37:39,829 --> 00:37:38,640 intensity of light from the comet over a 1082 00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:39,839 period of time 1083 00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:41,280 and it was uh 1084 00:37:45,190 --> 00:37:43,440 for quite a while actually at a higher 1085 00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:45,200 level than what we originally predicted 1086 00:37:49,510 --> 00:37:47,200 and then it dropped well below that so 1087 00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:49,520 we don't know how that relates to what 1088 00:37:53,829 --> 00:37:52,079 was happening with the nucleus and so 1089 00:37:55,910 --> 00:37:53,839 our mars assets when they turn and they 1090 00:37:57,750 --> 00:37:55,920 were able to get a good look high 1091 00:37:58,710 --> 00:37:57,760 resolution and and it's only going to be 1092 00:38:01,190 --> 00:37:58,720 maybe 1093 00:38:02,950 --> 00:38:01,200 half a dozen or a dozen pixels 1094 00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:02,960 but whether that's a what looks like a 1095 00:38:06,870 --> 00:38:05,440 solid shape or actually a couple shapes 1096 00:38:07,829 --> 00:38:06,880 that may really 1097 00:38:10,310 --> 00:38:07,839 really 1098 00:38:12,150 --> 00:38:10,320 fit in the puzzle very nicely as to how 1099 00:38:14,790 --> 00:38:12,160 how come the comet changed in brightness 1100 00:38:22,310 --> 00:38:19,670 next caller is alan boyle from nbc alan 1101 00:38:24,150 --> 00:38:22,320 thank you uh i had a question about the 1102 00:38:25,990 --> 00:38:24,160 composition since this is for coming in 1103 00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:26,000 for the first time from the oort cloud 1104 00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:28,800 uh do you already have a sense of how 1105 00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:30,880 those oort cloud comets are different 1106 00:38:34,790 --> 00:38:32,640 what do you expect to see 1107 00:38:37,190 --> 00:38:34,800 in terms of compositional analysis as 1108 00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:37,200 the comet comes closer and does this 1109 00:38:42,390 --> 00:38:39,760 have any bearing on the whole issue of 1110 00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:42,400 planetary defense you know the deep 1111 00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:46,240 impact scenario uh i i don't suppose 1112 00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:47,359 that you've 1113 00:38:52,150 --> 00:38:49,920 got that figured out but but uh what do 1114 00:38:54,870 --> 00:38:52,160 you expect uh that community might be 1115 00:38:57,190 --> 00:38:54,880 able to gain from this sort of encounter 1116 00:38:59,349 --> 00:38:57,200 thank you well our naive expectation for 1117 00:39:01,829 --> 00:38:59,359 the composition is that because this 1118 00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:01,839 body was formed out past the water ice 1119 00:39:05,270 --> 00:39:03,119 line and then was thrown out of the 1120 00:39:07,349 --> 00:39:05,280 solar system very early on 1121 00:39:09,109 --> 00:39:07,359 that it should have actually more of the 1122 00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:09,119 really volatile ices methane carbon 1123 00:39:12,390 --> 00:39:10,800 monoxide things that boil off very 1124 00:39:14,470 --> 00:39:12,400 easily it's never if you will been heat 1125 00:39:15,910 --> 00:39:14,480 treated very very strongly before 1126 00:39:18,069 --> 00:39:15,920 compared to the comets that like to 1127 00:39:20,550 --> 00:39:18,079 temple ones or the veiled twos that or 1128 00:39:22,310 --> 00:39:20,560 or the tracimob grasimenko the rosetta 1129 00:39:23,910 --> 00:39:22,320 target that we're coming very close to 1130 00:39:25,990 --> 00:39:23,920 right never actually flying by or 1131 00:39:27,430 --> 00:39:26,000 rendezvousing with and those comets have 1132 00:39:29,990 --> 00:39:27,440 been around the sun and the inner system 1133 00:39:31,349 --> 00:39:30,000 for many many many passages so our naive 1134 00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:31,359 expectation is that there will be more 1135 00:39:37,349 --> 00:39:34,560 volatile organic ices in in sighting 1136 00:39:39,109 --> 00:39:37,359 spring that being said 1137 00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:39,119 that also might be what created that 1138 00:39:42,550 --> 00:39:40,880 initial bump up of activity jim just 1139 00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:42,560 related to it we think it could possibly 1140 00:39:45,349 --> 00:39:43,839 be either due to the fact it's almost 1141 00:39:47,109 --> 00:39:45,359 like nitrous oxide in your gasoline 1142 00:39:48,550 --> 00:39:47,119 engine tank that that those hyper 1143 00:39:50,630 --> 00:39:48,560 volatiles could have actually increased 1144 00:39:52,470 --> 00:39:50,640 the activity and created the activity 1145 00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:52,480 that let us see this comet almost out by 1146 00:39:55,510 --> 00:39:54,160 saturn's orbit to begin with 1147 00:39:56,630 --> 00:39:55,520 there's put it in a different way 1148 00:39:58,550 --> 00:39:56,640 there's no way we would see a body 1149 00:39:59,910 --> 00:39:58,560 that's between half and five 1150 00:40:01,990 --> 00:39:59,920 miles in diameter out by saturn it's 1151 00:40:03,829 --> 00:40:02,000 just and very dark it's way too small 1152 00:40:05,589 --> 00:40:03,839 the only way we saw this comet detected 1153 00:40:08,069 --> 00:40:05,599 so early more than a year ago was 1154 00:40:10,150 --> 00:40:08,079 because it was very active very far out 1155 00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:10,160 so we that our naive expectation is that 1156 00:40:13,349 --> 00:40:11,680 that activity may have been actually 1157 00:40:15,430 --> 00:40:13,359 been driven by the very first passage 1158 00:40:16,950 --> 00:40:15,440 into the inner system and then it's now 1159 00:40:19,030 --> 00:40:16,960 slacking off that could be one reason 1160 00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:19,040 why it's run out of these hypervolatiles 1161 00:40:22,069 --> 00:40:20,720 another is that it could have broken up 1162 00:40:23,349 --> 00:40:22,079 because it's again never been stressed 1163 00:40:25,030 --> 00:40:23,359 and heat treated much before zombie in 1164 00:40:26,309 --> 00:40:25,040 the inner system 1165 00:40:27,829 --> 00:40:26,319 the other thing i would say is that what 1166 00:40:29,190 --> 00:40:27,839 we learned from comet ison last year's 1167 00:40:32,230 --> 00:40:29,200 common ison looked like it was very 1168 00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:32,240 carbon rich maybe organic materials rich 1169 00:40:35,589 --> 00:40:34,240 so and that was another oort cloud comet 1170 00:40:37,510 --> 00:40:35,599 so we're guessing that siding springs 1171 00:40:40,470 --> 00:40:37,520 should show us an awful lot of organic 1172 00:40:43,109 --> 00:40:40,480 carbon and rich material 1173 00:40:45,270 --> 00:40:43,119 so let me sort of address 1174 00:40:47,349 --> 00:40:45,280 the near-earth object aspect of your 1175 00:40:49,510 --> 00:40:47,359 question and i i think it's easy to do 1176 00:40:50,950 --> 00:40:49,520 in the sense of what we're seeing in the 1177 00:40:52,630 --> 00:40:50,960 long run 1178 00:40:54,550 --> 00:40:52,640 you know in the last couple years we've 1179 00:40:56,150 --> 00:40:54,560 really stepped up our observations of 1180 00:40:59,109 --> 00:40:56,160 near-earth objects we have a lot more 1181 00:41:01,910 --> 00:40:59,119 observatories we put more 1182 00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:01,920 telescope observing time and can see a 1183 00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:04,560 larger part of the sky and we're now 1184 00:41:09,270 --> 00:41:06,400 seeing some new trends that we haven't 1185 00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:09,280 seen before if you look back in history 1186 00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:12,480 the number of or cloud comets we observe 1187 00:41:16,390 --> 00:41:14,960 are just a matter of three or four a 1188 00:41:18,150 --> 00:41:16,400 century 1189 00:41:20,870 --> 00:41:18,160 we do see a lot of comets but those are 1190 00:41:23,270 --> 00:41:20,880 all short period comets that exist in 1191 00:41:24,790 --> 00:41:23,280 and around the the period of uh going 1192 00:41:26,950 --> 00:41:24,800 out to jupiter or maybe even a little 1193 00:41:28,710 --> 00:41:26,960 bit into the the kuiper belt but not 1194 00:41:30,710 --> 00:41:28,720 many from the ore cloud 1195 00:41:32,390 --> 00:41:30,720 but more recently now now that we've 1196 00:41:34,710 --> 00:41:32,400 really picked up our observations we're 1197 00:41:36,630 --> 00:41:34,720 now seeing many more cloud comets 1198 00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:36,640 actually there's a there's three up 1199 00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:39,760 right now there's a uh siding spring 1200 00:41:44,150 --> 00:41:41,680 there's another one called pan star and 1201 00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:44,160 there's another one called jacques 1202 00:41:48,470 --> 00:41:46,960 and uh and we believe that our 1203 00:41:50,069 --> 00:41:48,480 near-earth object 1204 00:41:52,790 --> 00:41:50,079 set of observations that we're making 1205 00:41:54,470 --> 00:41:52,800 now are becoming much more comprehensive 1206 00:41:55,829 --> 00:41:54,480 and we're getting a much better view of 1207 00:41:57,670 --> 00:41:55,839 what's happening 1208 00:41:59,829 --> 00:41:57,680 in our solar system and that's just 1209 00:42:01,750 --> 00:41:59,839 going to continue to increase so i 1210 00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:01,760 believe we'll continue to find not only 1211 00:42:07,270 --> 00:42:04,880 near earth objects but these comets 1212 00:42:09,190 --> 00:42:07,280 because they as they move across the sky 1213 00:42:10,390 --> 00:42:09,200 that's how we detect them from the 1214 00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:10,400 background 1215 00:42:14,230 --> 00:42:12,960 of stars very far away that that don't 1216 00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:14,240 move in the in the frame of our 1217 00:42:22,710 --> 00:42:21,109 okay next up tracy watson from usa today 1218 00:42:24,390 --> 00:42:22,720 greetings tracy 1219 00:42:25,990 --> 00:42:24,400 hi dwane thanks for taking my call i 1220 00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:26,000 have a couple questions 1221 00:42:30,069 --> 00:42:28,400 first i understand that the modeling has 1222 00:42:31,990 --> 00:42:30,079 shown that there's going to be very 1223 00:42:34,390 --> 00:42:32,000 little big dust 1224 00:42:37,829 --> 00:42:34,400 falling on either mars or even reaching 1225 00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:37,839 its orbit from the comet so can you talk 1226 00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:38,880 about 1227 00:42:42,470 --> 00:42:41,040 whether you really expect to see 1228 00:42:45,349 --> 00:42:42,480 meteors 1229 00:42:47,430 --> 00:42:45,359 meteorites over mars and also what the 1230 00:42:50,150 --> 00:42:47,440 hazard would have been if the spacecraft 1231 00:42:51,670 --> 00:42:50,160 hadn't been moved to the back side 1232 00:42:53,030 --> 00:42:51,680 at least answer the first part of that 1233 00:42:55,750 --> 00:42:53,040 i'm going to actually kick that to 1234 00:42:58,390 --> 00:42:55,760 somebody who did the modeling so if we 1235 00:43:00,309 --> 00:42:58,400 could send a mic over here i'm going to 1236 00:43:02,630 --> 00:43:00,319 have tony farnam of the university of 1237 00:43:04,550 --> 00:43:02,640 maryland answer that question since he 1238 00:43:06,390 --> 00:43:04,560 was involved in helping to make that 1239 00:43:09,109 --> 00:43:06,400 assessment 1240 00:43:12,790 --> 00:43:09,119 um yeah am i on um 1241 00:43:14,150 --> 00:43:12,800 we did the modeling to look at the 1242 00:43:17,109 --> 00:43:14,160 hazards of what was going to go on at 1243 00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:17,119 the time the comet encountered mars 1244 00:43:21,349 --> 00:43:19,440 and it's kind of a strange 1245 00:43:25,190 --> 00:43:21,359 situation because this comet gets very 1246 00:43:28,309 --> 00:43:25,200 close but it actually doesn't uh 1247 00:43:30,550 --> 00:43:28,319 the dust that comes off the comet 1248 00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:30,560 actually doesn't make it to mars before 1249 00:43:35,270 --> 00:43:32,560 it's blown away by solar radiation 1250 00:43:36,950 --> 00:43:35,280 pressure so the the 1251 00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:36,960 expectation is 1252 00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:38,480 that very little of the dust will 1253 00:43:43,109 --> 00:43:40,560 actually hit mars 1254 00:43:45,270 --> 00:43:43,119 the biggest hazard actually occurs after 1255 00:43:46,309 --> 00:43:45,280 closest approach as jim said 1256 00:43:49,190 --> 00:43:46,319 when 1257 00:43:52,790 --> 00:43:49,200 the big dust that sort of trails behind 1258 00:43:56,950 --> 00:43:55,349 reach mars as mars crosses the comet's 1259 00:43:58,870 --> 00:43:56,960 orbital plane 1260 00:44:00,870 --> 00:43:58,880 the velocities that we see in the comet 1261 00:44:02,470 --> 00:44:00,880 suggest that's not going to happen 1262 00:44:04,150 --> 00:44:02,480 because these are big particles and they 1263 00:44:06,069 --> 00:44:04,160 would have had to have been emitted 1264 00:44:08,870 --> 00:44:06,079 long before perihelion something like 1265 00:44:11,030 --> 00:44:08,880 two years before perihelion and from our 1266 00:44:11,990 --> 00:44:11,040 observations that's not 1267 00:44:14,150 --> 00:44:12,000 uh 1268 00:44:16,790 --> 00:44:14,160 they suggest that that didn't happen so 1269 00:44:19,990 --> 00:44:16,800 the hazard is um expect the expectation 1270 00:44:23,109 --> 00:44:20,000 of the hazard is very small 1271 00:44:25,750 --> 00:44:23,119 yes and in terms of what the engineers 1272 00:44:27,750 --> 00:44:25,760 from the mission projects did they took 1273 00:44:29,829 --> 00:44:27,760 this information and then they they did 1274 00:44:32,230 --> 00:44:29,839 all the amazing work that they do uh 1275 00:44:35,109 --> 00:44:32,240 looking at uh probabilities and looking 1276 00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:35,119 at what would happen if uh if there was 1277 00:44:39,990 --> 00:44:37,520 a dust particle coming in at uh 1278 00:44:42,630 --> 00:44:40,000 it was i guess 33 miles 1279 00:44:43,990 --> 00:44:42,640 per second yeah getting the right units 1280 00:44:45,670 --> 00:44:44,000 uh what it would do to different 1281 00:44:47,990 --> 00:44:45,680 components on the spacecraft how they 1282 00:44:49,510 --> 00:44:48,000 might have to orient the spacecraft or 1283 00:44:51,510 --> 00:44:49,520 all those different trades that they 1284 00:44:53,349 --> 00:44:51,520 would have to do and so ultimately was 1285 00:44:56,870 --> 00:44:53,359 decided the best thing to do is uh yeah 1286 00:44:58,950 --> 00:44:56,880 the risk is small but it's there and so 1287 00:45:00,069 --> 00:44:58,960 what we can do is change the orbits so 1288 00:45:01,990 --> 00:45:00,079 that at least during that period of 1289 00:45:03,990 --> 00:45:02,000 greatest risk the spacecraft are on the 1290 00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:04,000 other side of mars so so they'll be able 1291 00:45:07,270 --> 00:45:05,520 to do the science they'll kind of hunker 1292 00:45:08,069 --> 00:45:07,280 down and they'll do the science again 1293 00:45:08,950 --> 00:45:08,079 and 1294 00:45:10,870 --> 00:45:08,960 so 1295 00:45:12,390 --> 00:45:10,880 the expectation is that it will all be 1296 00:45:13,670 --> 00:45:12,400 okay and that all the precautions have 1297 00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:13,680 been taken 1298 00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:15,119 i'd like to add that this was actually a 1299 00:45:18,150 --> 00:45:16,560 very important thing to study if you 1300 00:45:19,750 --> 00:45:18,160 think about meteor showers our own 1301 00:45:21,589 --> 00:45:19,760 planet when we see them it's usually 1302 00:45:23,670 --> 00:45:21,599 because we're passing through a comet's 1303 00:45:25,270 --> 00:45:23,680 orbit or where an asteroid that some 1304 00:45:27,190 --> 00:45:25,280 asteroids also shed material that we're 1305 00:45:29,270 --> 00:45:27,200 passing through its orbit i don't can't 1306 00:45:31,270 --> 00:45:29,280 think or recollect a time when we pass 1307 00:45:33,910 --> 00:45:31,280 through that orbit about an hour hour 1308 00:45:35,430 --> 00:45:33,920 and a half after the body just went by 1309 00:45:36,710 --> 00:45:35,440 all right so that doesn't have we 1310 00:45:38,550 --> 00:45:36,720 usually go through an old part of the 1311 00:45:40,150 --> 00:45:38,560 orbit when when the comet is way around 1312 00:45:43,109 --> 00:45:40,160 another part in the orbit you know many 1313 00:45:44,710 --> 00:45:43,119 many months to years past us so it was a 1314 00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:44,720 perfectly reasonable and important thing 1315 00:45:48,790 --> 00:45:46,960 to do to worry about this hazard 1316 00:45:50,309 --> 00:45:48,800 it's actually amazing the hazard is so 1317 00:45:51,750 --> 00:45:50,319 low but we've had three different groups 1318 00:45:53,030 --> 00:45:51,760 international groups telling us that not 1319 00:45:54,309 --> 00:45:53,040 to worry 1320 00:45:55,829 --> 00:45:54,319 okay we're going to take one more 1321 00:45:57,349 --> 00:45:55,839 question uh from the phone and then 1322 00:45:59,190 --> 00:45:57,359 we're going to go to social media and 1323 00:46:01,430 --> 00:45:59,200 then we're going to wrap up so 1324 00:46:03,190 --> 00:46:01,440 uh we have kelly beatty from scott 1325 00:46:04,630 --> 00:46:03,200 telescope kelly 1326 00:46:05,829 --> 00:46:04,640 oh thank you you know most of my 1327 00:46:08,790 --> 00:46:05,839 questions have been answered i'm going 1328 00:46:10,870 --> 00:46:08,800 to pass them with somebody else okay 1329 00:46:12,390 --> 00:46:10,880 excellent let's go to social media jason 1330 00:46:14,390 --> 00:46:12,400 what's going on in the social media 1331 00:46:16,550 --> 00:46:14,400 world indeed we've got several questions 1332 00:46:18,390 --> 00:46:16,560 from both users on twitter and from uh 1333 00:46:20,630 --> 00:46:18,400 those that are watching on ustream here 1334 00:46:22,069 --> 00:46:20,640 first one comes from hector who asks i 1335 00:46:24,550 --> 00:46:22,079 know the numbers were crunched many 1336 00:46:26,309 --> 00:46:24,560 times and 83 miles is awfully close what 1337 00:46:29,510 --> 00:46:26,319 are the chances of a spectacular mars 1338 00:46:33,910 --> 00:46:32,790 that's 138 000 kilometers or 88 000 1339 00:46:36,230 --> 00:46:33,920 miles 1340 00:46:38,069 --> 00:46:36,240 is the closest approach to mars center 1341 00:46:39,829 --> 00:46:38,079 so it's a little bit farther away the 1342 00:46:42,870 --> 00:46:39,839 error bar on that if i believe is in the 1343 00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:42,880 order of maybe 10 000 miles so we i 1344 00:46:46,630 --> 00:46:44,640 believe there's almost zero chance of 1345 00:46:48,150 --> 00:46:46,640 the comet hitting mars 1346 00:46:51,190 --> 00:46:48,160 the short answer 1347 00:46:53,190 --> 00:46:51,200 wonderful then uh twitter user dms asks 1348 00:46:55,270 --> 00:46:53,200 will a spectacular meteor shower follow 1349 00:46:57,030 --> 00:46:55,280 up on the brush of the coma with mars 1350 00:46:58,790 --> 00:46:57,040 upper atmosphere and will the rovers and 1351 00:47:01,750 --> 00:46:58,800 orbiters be able to see it 1352 00:47:03,430 --> 00:47:01,760 meanwhile at the same time user t asks 1353 00:47:05,910 --> 00:47:03,440 will curiosity and opportunity be able 1354 00:47:07,910 --> 00:47:05,920 to get photos of that and if there's any 1355 00:47:09,910 --> 00:47:07,920 rain of debris 1356 00:47:12,470 --> 00:47:09,920 well they certainly will look and even 1357 00:47:14,630 --> 00:47:12,480 um like the uh uh yeah the rovers are 1358 00:47:16,630 --> 00:47:14,640 going to look up and uh 1359 00:47:17,990 --> 00:47:16,640 i think i think uh i forget which 1360 00:47:20,230 --> 00:47:18,000 orbiter is going to look at that but 1361 00:47:21,750 --> 00:47:20,240 also the hubble space telescope is going 1362 00:47:23,990 --> 00:47:21,760 to as part of its science is going to 1363 00:47:26,230 --> 00:47:24,000 take a look at that but as tony farnham 1364 00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:26,240 explained the the risk is probably 1365 00:47:29,430 --> 00:47:27,920 not the risk at this point 1366 00:47:31,910 --> 00:47:29,440 uh you know the odds of that happening 1367 00:47:34,150 --> 00:47:31,920 are are minimal but they that still 1368 00:47:35,750 --> 00:47:34,160 could happen and so again you don't know 1369 00:47:38,150 --> 00:47:35,760 if you don't look and so we're going to 1370 00:47:40,150 --> 00:47:38,160 take a look at that so a byproduct of 1371 00:47:42,230 --> 00:47:40,160 the hazard modeling was that it told you 1372 00:47:44,870 --> 00:47:42,240 how many particles we expect to be 1373 00:47:46,390 --> 00:47:44,880 hitting both mars and the spacecraft so 1374 00:47:48,069 --> 00:47:46,400 it none of the hatchery modeling tells 1375 00:47:50,309 --> 00:47:48,079 you what direction to look to see those 1376 00:47:51,829 --> 00:47:50,319 meteors and if i understand a quote tony 1377 00:47:53,750 --> 00:47:51,839 is in the audience is that i believe 1378 00:47:54,870 --> 00:47:53,760 they do expect some meteors but it's 1379 00:47:57,190 --> 00:47:54,880 going to be a little bit above the 1380 00:47:59,190 --> 00:47:57,200 normal background rate just from going 1381 00:48:00,549 --> 00:47:59,200 passing around the solar system so if 1382 00:48:02,390 --> 00:48:00,559 you look very carefully one place in the 1383 00:48:03,750 --> 00:48:02,400 sky you might see a bit of enhancement 1384 00:48:05,510 --> 00:48:03,760 but not much 1385 00:48:07,990 --> 00:48:05,520 so one thing we do know 1386 00:48:09,670 --> 00:48:08,000 is where opportunity will be and where 1387 00:48:11,510 --> 00:48:09,680 curiosity will be 1388 00:48:14,470 --> 00:48:11,520 so a closest approach 1389 00:48:15,750 --> 00:48:14,480 opportunity will be just coming out of 1390 00:48:19,190 --> 00:48:15,760 dawn 1391 00:48:21,510 --> 00:48:19,200 and curiosity will be going into dusk 1392 00:48:23,430 --> 00:48:21,520 so within a few hours after the event uh 1393 00:48:27,270 --> 00:48:23,440 curiosity will be on the night side of 1394 00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:27,280 the planet uh may may may even be able 1395 00:48:32,150 --> 00:48:30,000 to observe uh even uh smaller particles 1396 00:48:35,430 --> 00:48:32,160 uh that that may make it there 1397 00:48:37,829 --> 00:48:35,440 uh uh on uh the day side 1398 00:48:40,069 --> 00:48:37,839 uh opportunity will have to uh be 1399 00:48:42,549 --> 00:48:40,079 looking up and that is indeed planned uh 1400 00:48:44,470 --> 00:48:42,559 but but uh indeed the larger particles 1401 00:48:46,390 --> 00:48:44,480 would have to make some sort of some 1402 00:48:48,710 --> 00:48:46,400 sort of fireball or some sort of trail 1403 00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:48,720 for it to be able to seem but as they 1404 00:48:53,270 --> 00:48:50,800 say we've got a we've got to plan these 1405 00:48:55,190 --> 00:48:53,280 observations in advance and and uh wait 1406 00:48:56,790 --> 00:48:55,200 to see what what happens 1407 00:48:58,150 --> 00:48:56,800 let's take a couple more then we'll take 1408 00:49:00,710 --> 00:48:58,160 one more from the phone and we'll wrap 1409 00:49:02,790 --> 00:49:00,720 up all right then this comes from a user 1410 00:49:04,549 --> 00:49:02,800 watching on ustream here will maven be 1411 00:49:07,270 --> 00:49:04,559 able to get a baseline observation 1412 00:49:09,990 --> 00:49:07,280 before the effects of the comet occur 1413 00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:10,000 yes actually that's part of the plan uh 1414 00:49:13,190 --> 00:49:11,520 now again they just arrived at mars and 1415 00:49:14,630 --> 00:49:13,200 so the first order of business is to go 1416 00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:14,640 through the activities they need to do 1417 00:49:18,230 --> 00:49:16,480 to transition to doing the science and 1418 00:49:19,430 --> 00:49:18,240 so they're going to fit this science in 1419 00:49:20,870 --> 00:49:19,440 they've even released some science 1420 00:49:23,589 --> 00:49:20,880 already but that's the first order of 1421 00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:23,599 business if all goes well then they are 1422 00:49:26,470 --> 00:49:24,960 going to get a baseline measurement of 1423 00:49:28,470 --> 00:49:26,480 the atmosphere so they can see what is 1424 00:49:31,910 --> 00:49:28,480 the difference after the comet went by 1425 00:49:34,069 --> 00:49:31,920 so yes they will indeed do that 1426 00:49:36,470 --> 00:49:34,079 excellent then also coming from ustream 1427 00:49:38,470 --> 00:49:36,480 here how long might this dust persist on 1428 00:49:42,710 --> 00:49:38,480 mars and are there any effects on the 1429 00:49:47,109 --> 00:49:44,950 referring to dust from the comet or the 1430 00:49:49,349 --> 00:49:47,119 dust just in the dust in the atmosphere 1431 00:49:53,109 --> 00:49:49,359 okay well again they'll probably be very 1432 00:49:54,710 --> 00:49:53,119 little of that and uh and the period at 1433 00:49:56,470 --> 00:49:54,720 least like of greatest risk to the 1434 00:49:57,910 --> 00:49:56,480 spacecraft and when the meteors might be 1435 00:49:59,750 --> 00:49:57,920 coming in 1436 00:50:01,910 --> 00:49:59,760 would be it's only about a 20 minute per 1437 00:50:04,470 --> 00:50:01,920 period so that's actually pretty short 1438 00:50:05,910 --> 00:50:04,480 when the when mars passes the plane of 1439 00:50:08,230 --> 00:50:05,920 the comet's orbit 1440 00:50:09,670 --> 00:50:08,240 so it is a short period 1441 00:50:11,430 --> 00:50:09,680 and if you think about how much the 1442 00:50:13,349 --> 00:50:11,440 meteors affect the dust environment in 1443 00:50:15,430 --> 00:50:13,359 our atmosphere it's very small so we 1444 00:50:16,870 --> 00:50:15,440 only expect a bump up of maybe a few 1445 00:50:18,230 --> 00:50:16,880 times the background rate we don't think 1446 00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:18,240 there'll be much of an effect on the 1447 00:50:21,510 --> 00:50:20,720 rovers or on any ground assets 1448 00:50:23,349 --> 00:50:21,520 okay 1449 00:50:25,109 --> 00:50:23,359 so um for the 1450 00:50:26,390 --> 00:50:25,119 social media folks keep those questions 1451 00:50:28,630 --> 00:50:26,400 coming in we'll have some of our 1452 00:50:30,309 --> 00:50:28,640 scientists uh get you the answers as 1453 00:50:32,069 --> 00:50:30,319 soon as possible what we're going to do 1454 00:50:34,150 --> 00:50:32,079 here is take one more call from the 1455 00:50:36,549 --> 00:50:34,160 phone lines and wrap it up for the day 1456 00:50:40,309 --> 00:50:36,559 so back on the phone and mike wahl 1457 00:50:44,150 --> 00:50:42,150 thanks guys um yeah i just had a 1458 00:50:46,230 --> 00:50:44,160 question about yet then what what 1459 00:50:48,069 --> 00:50:46,240 opportunity and 1460 00:50:49,910 --> 00:50:48,079 what also curiosity might be able to 1461 00:50:51,349 --> 00:50:49,920 find i mean is this just just sort of 1462 00:50:53,109 --> 00:50:51,359 pretty pictures that you're hoping to 1463 00:50:55,190 --> 00:50:53,119 get from the mars rovers or is there 1464 00:50:57,829 --> 00:50:55,200 some science you could clean 1465 00:50:59,349 --> 00:50:57,839 like from their photos and um 1466 00:51:01,190 --> 00:50:59,359 yeah we don't want to get too excited we 1467 00:51:03,670 --> 00:51:01,200 don't but but is it possible to get a 1468 00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:03,680 big fireball photo in the martian sky is 1469 00:51:06,710 --> 00:51:05,760 that something that um that could happen 1470 00:51:10,470 --> 00:51:06,720 or 1471 00:51:13,270 --> 00:51:10,480 don't know a dim light through the dust 1472 00:51:14,549 --> 00:51:13,280 is is sort of i mean what what to expect 1473 00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:14,559 should we should we get excited about 1474 00:51:19,510 --> 00:51:15,359 those 1475 00:51:21,589 --> 00:51:19,520 opportunity might return curiosity might 1476 00:51:24,230 --> 00:51:21,599 return or or should we just sort of calm 1477 00:51:25,910 --> 00:51:24,240 down and just wait and see i still think 1478 00:51:27,829 --> 00:51:25,920 it's good to get excited because you got 1479 00:51:29,670 --> 00:51:27,839 to look and certainly there there is 1480 00:51:31,910 --> 00:51:29,680 science in the pictures just seeing what 1481 00:51:33,430 --> 00:51:31,920 the comet looks like and what actually 1482 00:51:34,230 --> 00:51:33,440 makes it through the atmosphere what the 1483 00:51:35,349 --> 00:51:34,240 light that makes it through the 1484 00:51:38,069 --> 00:51:35,359 atmosphere 1485 00:51:40,069 --> 00:51:38,079 what it sees but also on curiosity the 1486 00:51:42,230 --> 00:51:40,079 chemcam is also going to 1487 00:51:43,030 --> 00:51:42,240 take a look at 1488 00:51:44,870 --> 00:51:43,040 any 1489 00:51:46,870 --> 00:51:44,880 mineral information that it can detect 1490 00:51:48,630 --> 00:51:46,880 from the comet so yes there still is 1491 00:51:50,470 --> 00:51:48,640 science to be done though we love the 1492 00:51:51,670 --> 00:51:50,480 pretty pictures too but there's signs to 1493 00:51:53,190 --> 00:51:51,680 be done also 1494 00:51:54,790 --> 00:51:53,200 i wouldn't i'm not convinced there'll be 1495 00:51:56,230 --> 00:51:54,800 a fireball picture but i'm excited just 1496 00:51:58,069 --> 00:51:56,240 to see the first image of a comet from 1497 00:51:59,030 --> 00:51:58,079 the surface of another planet 1498 00:52:00,470 --> 00:51:59,040 i think that's going to be really 1499 00:52:03,670 --> 00:52:00,480 exciting if we get it 1500 00:52:05,349 --> 00:52:03,680 i think uh what i'd like to add is um 1501 00:52:07,270 --> 00:52:05,359 you know even though we'll be imaging 1502 00:52:10,630 --> 00:52:07,280 from uh curiosity and opportunity 1503 00:52:12,470 --> 00:52:10,640 curiosity actually has a really nice set 1504 00:52:14,470 --> 00:52:12,480 of 1505 00:52:16,309 --> 00:52:14,480 weather measurements if you will so it 1506 00:52:19,109 --> 00:52:16,319 measures the pressure and the 1507 00:52:21,030 --> 00:52:19,119 temperature at a really pretty good clip 1508 00:52:22,549 --> 00:52:21,040 now although right now we believe that 1509 00:52:24,710 --> 00:52:22,559 most of the effects that will be 1510 00:52:26,870 --> 00:52:24,720 observed will be in the ionosphere and 1511 00:52:28,710 --> 00:52:26,880 in the upper atmosphere we don't believe 1512 00:52:30,390 --> 00:52:28,720 there'll be many effects in the lower 1513 00:52:32,309 --> 00:52:30,400 atmosphere where curiosity and 1514 00:52:34,470 --> 00:52:32,319 opportunity obviously are but we're 1515 00:52:36,790 --> 00:52:34,480 making those measurements too i mean 1516 00:52:38,870 --> 00:52:36,800 it'd be it'd be great to be able to uh 1517 00:52:40,710 --> 00:52:38,880 look at those and and determine if 1518 00:52:44,309 --> 00:52:40,720 pressure changes or temperature changes 1519 00:52:45,990 --> 00:52:44,319 might be attributed uh to uh to this in 1520 00:52:47,750 --> 00:52:46,000 to this flyby and the impact of the 1521 00:52:49,510 --> 00:52:47,760 commentary material 1522 00:52:51,750 --> 00:52:49,520 the measurements will be made and the 1523 00:52:53,109 --> 00:52:51,760 scientists will take a look and and i 1524 00:52:54,470 --> 00:52:53,119 know we'll get some great stuff out of 1525 00:52:57,430 --> 00:52:54,480 it 1526 00:52:58,870 --> 00:52:57,440 okay so jason uh asks for one more he 1527 00:53:00,470 --> 00:52:58,880 you know i can't tell him no so we're 1528 00:53:02,470 --> 00:53:00,480 gonna go and get one more question for 1529 00:53:03,990 --> 00:53:02,480 social media jason not a problem there's 1530 00:53:05,589 --> 00:53:04,000 a couple of different variations of 1531 00:53:07,829 --> 00:53:05,599 questions on here all asking about how 1532 00:53:10,390 --> 00:53:07,839 people can get involved and so on um so 1533 00:53:12,790 --> 00:53:10,400 for example aubry from twitter asks will 1534 00:53:14,710 --> 00:53:12,800 i be able to see it from ohio meanwhile 1535 00:53:18,630 --> 00:53:14,720 tim asks will there be an online feed 1536 00:53:23,430 --> 00:53:22,470 um yeah i think from ohio that that one 1537 00:53:25,270 --> 00:53:23,440 that probably won't work out 1538 00:53:27,109 --> 00:53:25,280 unfortunately it's really mars has the 1539 00:53:29,190 --> 00:53:27,119 front row seat and here probably more 1540 00:53:31,190 --> 00:53:29,200 the southern hemisphere 1541 00:53:32,790 --> 00:53:31,200 but there are 1542 00:53:34,549 --> 00:53:32,800 i don't remember offhand but there's a 1543 00:53:36,549 --> 00:53:34,559 social being planned i believe but i 1544 00:53:38,150 --> 00:53:36,559 don't remember the timing of that and so 1545 00:53:40,230 --> 00:53:38,160 that might still be in the in the works 1546 00:53:41,109 --> 00:53:40,240 so there's that opportunity uh then 1547 00:53:43,349 --> 00:53:41,119 there's 1548 00:53:45,829 --> 00:53:43,359 the websites just to find out for more 1549 00:53:47,910 --> 00:53:45,839 information the comic campaign.org and 1550 00:53:50,309 --> 00:53:47,920 the mars.nasa.gov 1551 00:53:51,829 --> 00:53:50,319 comet siding spring they have all kinds 1552 00:53:53,109 --> 00:53:51,839 of background information but in terms 1553 00:53:55,510 --> 00:53:53,119 of the events 1554 00:53:57,589 --> 00:53:55,520 you can follow the nasa 1555 00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:57,599 social pages i would think and then once 1556 00:54:01,190 --> 00:53:59,280 the rest of it forms up that will be out 1557 00:54:02,710 --> 00:54:01,200 there is that correct wayne that's right 1558 00:54:04,549 --> 00:54:02,720 i'd also point out that the time when 1559 00:54:05,589 --> 00:54:04,559 the closest approach is about what's 1560 00:54:07,349 --> 00:54:05,599 going to be about there in the middle of 1561 00:54:08,390 --> 00:54:07,359 the first football game two sundays from 1562 00:54:10,309 --> 00:54:08,400 now so it's going to be the middle of 1563 00:54:11,670 --> 00:54:10,319 the day for us but i also want to point 1564 00:54:13,750 --> 00:54:11,680 out that padma has been doing an awful 1565 00:54:15,670 --> 00:54:13,760 lot on facebook and twitter so maybe we 1566 00:54:18,150 --> 00:54:15,680 should let her comment i was going to 1567 00:54:19,750 --> 00:54:18,160 say uh we do have an amateur 1568 00:54:21,349 --> 00:54:19,760 and pro it's a pro 1569 00:54:24,950 --> 00:54:21,359 professional amateur collaboration group 1570 00:54:27,990 --> 00:54:24,960 called paca and there are ways to um 1571 00:54:30,710 --> 00:54:28,000 participate uh all of this is online uh 1572 00:54:32,549 --> 00:54:30,720 as well as uh they're going to be uh 1573 00:54:35,270 --> 00:54:32,559 different social media including uh 1574 00:54:36,950 --> 00:54:35,280 twitter as well as flickr albums that we 1575 00:54:38,950 --> 00:54:36,960 already have those populated so you can 1576 00:54:41,750 --> 00:54:38,960 see the images the amateurs have been 1577 00:54:43,510 --> 00:54:41,760 taking since january and so those will 1578 00:54:45,109 --> 00:54:43,520 be continuing and even if you're not a 1579 00:54:46,950 --> 00:54:45,119 member you can 1580 00:54:48,549 --> 00:54:46,960 many people who take images can upload 1581 00:54:50,630 --> 00:54:48,559 directly to the flickr album so they're 1582 00:54:52,390 --> 00:54:50,640 available to the public 1583 00:54:53,750 --> 00:54:52,400 and also we 1584 00:54:55,349 --> 00:54:53,760 are planning to have our own google 1585 00:54:57,990 --> 00:54:55,359 hangouts or people who have taken the 1586 00:55:00,230 --> 00:54:58,000 data from the different locations uh in 1587 00:55:02,950 --> 00:55:00,240 australia south africa as well as south 1588 00:55:05,270 --> 00:55:02,960 america can pretty much uh show what 1589 00:55:07,990 --> 00:55:05,280 they have taken and pass on the bataan 1590 00:55:09,750 --> 00:55:08,000 so to speak to the next location so that 1591 00:55:12,630 --> 00:55:09,760 you can actually see what the observers 1592 00:55:15,270 --> 00:55:12,640 are taking data even though casey says 1593 00:55:17,030 --> 00:55:15,280 there's football on that sunday 1594 00:55:18,829 --> 00:55:17,040 if your team loses forget about it and 1595 00:55:21,190 --> 00:55:18,839 just go to your screen 1596 00:55:22,870 --> 00:55:21,200 and and a lot of the other rest of the 1597 00:55:24,630 --> 00:55:22,880 world doesn't watch american football so 1598 00:55:26,870 --> 00:55:24,640 there are a lot of 1599 00:55:29,750 --> 00:55:26,880 so this is a lot more exciting 1600 00:55:33,349 --> 00:55:31,349 all right so uh what we're gonna do here 1601 00:55:35,349 --> 00:55:33,359 is wrap up i would like to remind folks 1602 00:55:39,349 --> 00:55:35,359 that uh updates 1603 00:55:42,470 --> 00:55:39,359 on any images or any uh activities go to 1604 00:55:44,630 --> 00:55:42,480 the nasa website uh nasa.gov and in 1605 00:55:45,910 --> 00:55:44,640 particular mars.nasa.gov 1606 00:55:48,630 --> 00:55:45,920 comments slash 1607 00:55:51,190 --> 00:55:48,640 citing spring 1608 00:55:54,230 --> 00:55:51,200 we want to thank our participants 1609 00:55:55,670 --> 00:55:54,240 save the date october 19th 1610 00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:55,680 nasa's ready 1611 00:56:00,390 --> 00:55:58,480 astronomers worldwide are ready 1612 00:56:01,589 --> 00:56:00,400 it's a gift that's going to keep giving 1613 00:56:03,030 --> 00:56:01,599 and that gift 1614 00:56:05,430 --> 00:56:03,040 will certainly help